tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66751829797666311832024-03-13T14:29:25.385-07:00SJFUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger187125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-58210262438768571482021-01-17T06:02:00.002-08:002021-01-17T07:42:13.393-08:00<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-XjmclE02tco/YAQWjph2-5I/AAAAAAAAcf4/InraPMICTmUxnIpCGsSiqiPYaLFxReZBACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="254" height="240" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-XjmclE02tco/YAQWjph2-5I/AAAAAAAAcf4/InraPMICTmUxnIpCGsSiqiPYaLFxReZBACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" width="285" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;">My Coming to America<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><i>by Leo Goldberger</i></span></p>
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<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Leaving Scandinavia in 1947 for a new life across the Atlantic was quite a momentous experience. My father had decided that he had had enough of wars—not to mention the unspeakable Holocaust—having lost almost all of his family in the former Austria-Hungarian realms and then fearing the expanding Soviet hegemony. America beckoned as the most enticing destination to consider, if not also the safest for his four growing children, I at 17 among them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-dbbVjLn6fUU/YARZwSemm1I/AAAAAAAAchE/rKzsIi_pRtcRccP9aEXkGXwyELVT2wF8gCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="824" height="515" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-dbbVjLn6fUU/YARZwSemm1I/AAAAAAAAchE/rKzsIi_pRtcRccP9aEXkGXwyELVT2wF8gCLcBGAsYHQ/w425-h515/image.png" width="425" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Helen (Berkovic) Goldberger and Leo Goldberger onboard Drottningholm, 1947. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Courtesy Leo Goldberger</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My dad, an opera-trained singer-- and also a cantor-- in Copenhagen had received a 6-month fellowship to study “advances in liturgical music” in the USA in 1947. His only close contact in New York was the former organist at Jewish funerals B</span>ø<span style="font-size: medium;">rge Rosenbaum. A totally unknown comedic pianist arriving in the USA in 1940 following the German occupation of Denmark, Rosenbaum was asked to change his name to Victor Borge when he quickly became a hit as the “warm-up” performer on the Bing Crosby Radio Show. (Borge had been on Hitler’s most wanted list because he poked fun of the Fuhrer in his many cabaret shows in Scandinavia.) It was Borge who helped arrange a Town Hall concert for my dad, after which he was offered an attractive position as Chief Cantor in Montreal, Canada. After transatlantic phone calls with my mother and an okay from his Danish congregation the decision was cemented. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All I knew of Canada was from a couple of pages in my Danish Geography book. (My dad had jokingly referred to Canada’s name as “keiner dah,” meaning “none there!” in German. He was struck by Canada’s tiny population of just 10 million in a landmass much larger than the USA.) The extent of my knowledge was that Montreal was the second largest French-speaking city in the world and that Canada was a Dominion of the UK where one was required to sing God Save The King after the last movie.</span></div><p></p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In late 1947, my mother, two younger brothers, and I sailed to New York aboard the Swedish “Drottningholm” from Gothenburg. This was an unforgettable experience. We travelled first class as everything else was booked and thus we ate at the captain’s table, wearing the required formal attire, and hobnobbed with, among others, New York’s Major Dwyer’s sister and the celebrated Swedish film star, Edward Persson, who was working on a film sequence on the boat. Even Greta Garbo was aboard—though rarely seen as she wanted famously “to be alone” with her meals brought to her cabin.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-T8_mazMz-z0/YARWtgUrZrI/AAAAAAAAcg4/8Xuv1cw21nY7Gkjl5Sk9Ao92WvUhbfhnACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1440" height="318" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-T8_mazMz-z0/YARWtgUrZrI/AAAAAAAAcg4/8Xuv1cw21nY7Gkjl5Sk9Ao92WvUhbfhnACLcBGAsYHQ/w522-h318/image.png" width="522" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">In 1920 Swedish America Line bought Virginian, and renamed her Drottningholm, named after a small community near Stockholm. By the end of January 1940 Drottningholm was the only SAL passenger liner still operating between Gothenburg and New York. Post war service, Drottningholm started a Gothenburg – Liverpool – New York service in late August 1945 and was expected to reach Gothenburg from New York by this route for the first time on 6 September.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After a few days aboard, enjoying the pool and nightly dancing, a rather awkward situation occurred when my mother observed a young woman who seemed visibly anxious and ill at ease. The woman continually wore the same clothes and ill-fitting kerchief, and kept moving from one place to another. My mother approached her after several days and learned that she was an 18-year-old, orthodox Jewish, “displaced” Holocaust survivor—and a stowaway! She spoke only Hungarian, which my Hungarian-born mother did as well. At my dear mother’s suggestion, we began a routine to provide the young woman with daily food (hidden in a napkin from our luxurious dinners). My mother also suggested that she sleep on the floor near my bed, which was safer than roaming around at night, hiding here and there. Surely not my ideal bed-fellow!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And then … days later came the much anticipated, wonderful sight—the Statue of Liberty— as we rounded a corner along the Hudson River to dock on 56th Street. There, joyfully, we were met by my father after some nine months of separation. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">However, less joyful was the unfortunate fate of our young Hungarian stowaway. Walking down the gangplank and closely intermingled with us, she was nevertheless noticed by a guard at the base of the gangplank steps. She failed to produce the required landing pass. Thus the game was up for her! We notified the HIAS (Hebrew Immigration Aid Society) representative at the landing site to possibly help her. Yet she was taken to Ellis Island … and presumably deported back to the Displaced Persons camp in Vienna. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Epilogue: Some 15 years later, the former stowaway appeared at our home in Montreal. She was married with a child and living happily in Brooklyn. She came to convey her thanks! Quite a wonderful ending! </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-19885125487957589992020-01-25T16:28:00.001-08:002020-01-25T16:29:30.572-08:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">ELISABETH GOLDBERGER</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Because of its neutrality, Sweden became a temporary haven for refugees during the pre and postwar exiles period. This would mark its national history with its thousands of personal desperate journeys and stories. Approximately 3000 Jews fled Germany in the early 1930s. David and Rosa Katz were among them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rosa Katz (b. Rosa Heine) was born in Odessa and died in Stockholm in 1976. In 1907 she started her studies in psychology at the University of Göttingen, Germany, with the acclaimed mentor David Katz (1884 - 1953) who received his first academic appointment at the Institute of Psychology when he was 23. He was to become her future husband. They married in 1919. She obtained a doctorate in psychology in 1913 (recognition and retroactive inhibition). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1933 David Katz's academic employment at the University of Rostock ended with his dismissal by the Nazi regime. Katz was considered, by the Nazis, a "Jewish-Marxist professor" who should not be entrusted with the education of future Aryan academicians. David and Rosa Katz were able to immigrate via England to Sweden. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rosa Katz led research on psychology of children at the Psychological Institute of the University of Stockholm. In 1937, David Katz was appointed professor of education and psychology at the University of Stockholm and became the founder of psychology chair at this university.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When Jewish refugees arrived in Sweden in 1945 Inga Gottfarb (1913 – 2005), a social worker, stood at the harbor in Helsingborg to offer help. With goodwill and great intensity, she helped the suffering refugee women who arrived in Sweden on Count Bernadotte's White Buses. In her book The Perilous Oblivion, she wrote about her personal experiences interviewing survivors who had been liberated from concentration camps. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"I remembered the arrival of the first Jewish refugees in Sweden in 1933. At that time, the refugees had no right to work and had to live on a small grant from the Jewish community and its members.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1945, the flow of refugees increased. The deepest impression on her life, however, was the arrival of concentration camp survivors in Sweden in April 1945, just before the end of the war. The small Jewish community in Malmö had called on her to come and help with their welcoming of refugees. She saw them coming to the harbor in southern Sweden in the White Buses as part of the Bernadotte expedition – all in all over twenty-one thousand refugees from twenty-seven different nationalities, of whom 5,000-6,000 thousand were Jews arrived on those buses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"The White Buses" was a program undertaken by the Swedish Red Cross and the Danish government in the spring of 1945 to rescue concentration camp inmates and transport them to Sweden. The program was initially intended to rescuing citizens of Scandinavian countries but expanded to include citizens of other countries as well. The White Buses program resulted in rescuing more than 15,000 prisoners from concentration camps, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Following the rescue, it was always on Inga Gottfarb’s mind to find out what happened to them following the rescue. She interviewed about sixty refugees who had arrived in Sweden from German camps during the spring and summer of 1945, after the Auschwitz camp was liberated by the Russian army in January 1945.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There were about 150 rescue centers in Sweden. Over 100 physicians were given the task to offer immediate care to the survivors. The refugees responded to the help and goodwill they were offered with gratitude. Women in particular, were very depressed, despondent, and felt degraded.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Among the refugees was Elisabeth Goldberger (1927-2017) or Tamar as she would later be called. Elisabeth was born in Hungary and spoke German fluently because she had studied German in school. After her survival from Auschwitz, with no surviving family, she was offered to stay with the German speaking Rosa and David Katz family in Stockholm. The Swedish authority however, required that Elisabeth pass a formal "German Culture Exam" in order to qualify for a family placement. The Katz family took her immediately and with that started a long process of recovery, and a return to normalcy. Her weight was only 27 kg upon arrival and had to struggle with various infections.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The time that followed was one of healing, growth, adjustment to normal life. Elisabeth detailed later several memorable events at the Katz' home, such as her birthday party with family friends, their two sons Gregory (b 1922) and Theodor (1920 – 1997) and traveling with them to Copenhagen. She was considered a permanent guest and lived with them from 1945-1947. She studied at a school nearby the home, and later found a job in the area. Elisabeth later recalled their kindness and the love that the family had given her. When the idea of adoption was suggested by the Katz family, she objected to it because of her sincere longing to immigrate to Israel. This path was, as it turned out, was not seen positively by her host family.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Then, Elisabeth Goldberger decided, like many in the refugee and Aliyah community, to change her first name to a Hebrew name, from Elisabeth to Tamar. Tamar decided to start her path to Palestine and had to do so illegally. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Haim Arlozoroff, an immigrant ship named after the Zionist leader during the British mandate of Palestine, was a decommissioned US Army boat, purchased in 1946 by the Jewish Agency and used for moving Jewish refugees from Europe to Palestine. The ship left Trelleborg, Sweden, on 27 January 1947 carrying 664 passengers mostly female survivors of the concentration and death camps, 18 to 25 years of age, waiting to go to Palestine. The ship arrived at Le Havre, France, to stock up on supplies, and by the end of February 1946 reached the port of Metaponto, in Italy, where 684 more survivors boarded the ship, totaling 1,348 passengers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Waiting to board the Haim Arlozoroff in Metaponto was Ervin Porat, born 1926 in Budapest, Hungary. Irwin had fled Budapest and was waiting to board along with 100 male refugees from Hungary. Ervin then changed his first name to Haim.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The journey of hope. began. Tamara meets Haim and falls in love. Arriving at the shores of Bat-Galim, Haifa, the ship with new immigrants was caught by the British and was sent back to British detention centers in Cyprus for 1 year in quarantine. This period was ironically considered a safe respite for the refugees. The following year was one of building morale, preparing to make aliyah, pursue the cultural bond by learning one language shared by all, to read and write Hebrew and sing the familiar Hebrew songs. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the beginning of 1948 before the Day of Independence Yom Haatzmaut, they arrived in Israel. Tamara and Haim had befriended many other Hungarians during this season and well prepared to embark on the unknown as pioneers and nationbuilders. They decided to start a kibbutz by the name Beit HaEmek (House of the Valley) in northern Israel, in the western Galilee where they ended up staying for 2 years. They received a certificate of Aliyah from the Jewish Agency upon arrival and with that were given a personal loan from the agency of 26 Israeli pound. The money was trusted to the kibbutz.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When they would eventually be leaving Galilee, the money was trusted to the kibbutz. When they, two years later decided to move on, they also left behind any contributions they had made to the kibbutz. They left for a moshav Beit Elazari House of Elazari in central Israel, located three miles south of the city of Rehovot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tamara’s relationship with the Katz family was by her own choice broken. Her journey into the wilderness, the pioneer work of building the land, became a too strong contrast to her past life in Sweden. She along with many of her landsmen pursued the building of a nation, a recent attained statehood, no longer exiles. But free. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tamara and Haim had two children Gadi and Dorit, both currently living in Israel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>In the passing of Tamara Goldberger last year, her children Gadi and Dorit have generously shared her story as well as private photos with us to document her story. And for that we are so very grateful!</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>With kind appreciation </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>SJF</i></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-60429186408603196272017-10-30T23:32:00.002-07:002017-10-30T23:32:54.166-07:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">ORGLET OG ORGELMUSIKKEN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> I JØDISK KULTUR</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Af Hans Christian Hein, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">rektor for Løgumkloster Kirkemusikskole</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fremkomsten og udviklingen af det borgerlige samfund med dets institutioner i slutningen af 1700-tallet og op gennem 1800-tallet blev tillige en åndelig og filosofisk brydningstid med store ændringer til følge for kunsten og musikken i Europa. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I den kristne vesteuropæiske kirkemusik kom det således til et brud med de ældre komponisters utvungne brug af samtidens stil. Komponister i 1800-tallet kom til at stå i et dilemma mellem den kompositionsmæssige udvikling i retning af større selvstændighed og de historiserende og arkaiserende træk inden for netop kirkemusikken. Denne dobbelte bundethed kan bl.a. ses i et citat fra et brev fra 1835 af den da 26-årige Felix Mendelssohn, der skriver: ”En virkelig kirkemusik, d.v.s. med plads i den evangeliske gudstjeneste, synes mig umulig, og dette ikke blot fordi jeg ikke kan se, hvor denne musik kan finde plads i gudstjenesten; men fordi jeg slet ikke kan forestille mig dette sted”.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">En følge heraf blev for Mendelssohn og mange andre komponister at komponere kirkelig musik til koncertsalen, hvor kompositioner med kirkelige tekster til orkesterakkompagnement indgik. På denne måde kom koncertsalene til at fungere som et ”helligt” og sakralt-lignende rum som baggrund for værker, der kunne virke moralsk opbyggelige og religiøst ansporende. Som endog særdeles smukke eksempler herpå kan nævnes Mendelssohns psalmekompositioner og Brahms´ Requiem. </span></div>
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Inden for den jødiske kultur skete der i denne periode ligeledes store forandringer i anvendelsen af musik til gudstjenester i synagogen. Dette skete som et resultat af den særlige sociale og politiske situation for jøder i Europa med begrænsede frihedsrettigheder samt oplysningstidens ideer, der fik stor betydning for den jødiske emancipation op igennem 1800-tallet i de forskellige lande. </div>
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Den jødiske filosof Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) – farfar til Felix Mendelssohn – var en central skikkelse i oplysningstiden i Tyskland, og han havde bl.a. et nært venskab med filosoffen Gotthold Lessing. Moses Mendelssohn advokerede for større sameksistens mellem jøder og kristne, og konkret tog han på det musikalske område skridt til en fornyelse af synagogemusikken under påvirkning af den kristne gudstjeneste. Hans tanker ledte til et opgør med den gamle, mundtligt overleverede, orientalsk-jødiske musikkultur og til en tilpasning til dele af den i Europa dominerende kristne musikkultur. Det førte især i Tyskland til reformer bl.a. med indførelse af enstemmig sang til akkompagnement, hvilket ikke tidligere var tilladt i synagogen, hvor instrumenter havde været bandlyst. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Moses Mendelsohn (1729 - 1786)</span></td></tr>
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Endvidere førte Moses Mendelssohns tanker til at man begyndte at anskaffe orgler i flere synagoger op gennem 1800-tallet. Musikalsk set var der her tale om et stærkt brud med den overleverede tradition, idet man nu fik indført dur/mol-tonal musik i synagogen, hvor der indtil da udelukkende havde været a cappella-udført kantorsang i jødisk-orientalsk stil. Synagogen i Dortmund med fritstående spillebord forrest i rummet</div>
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Reformerne i synagogegudstjenesterne skete ikke uden stor diskussion mellem konservative jødiske kredse og reformivrige kræfter, der gennem øget politisk-social assimilation samtidig overtog flertalskulturens normer og kulturelle værdier. Jødiske kunstneres engagement i den fælles kultur blev på alle planer mere almindeligt. Der var et overordentligt stort antal kunstnere af jødisk herkomst i Tyskland op gennem det 19. århundrede og i det 20. århundrede indtil 2. Verdenskrig. Bidraget til den fælles europæiske kultur er åbenbart på alle kulturelle områder. </div>
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Den teologiske diskussion i jødiske kredse om ikke mindst indførelsen af det ”kristne instrument” orglet var ophedet igennem 1800-tallet. Rabbinere diskuterede spørgsmålet i flere skrifter, og i 1863 udgav David Deutsch, en rabbiner i Sorau (nu Polen), et længere skrift, hvori han ud fra sin Talmudforskning diskuterede: 1) Om indførelse af orgelspil i gudstjenesten var i strid med den traditionelle jødiske gudstjenestes karakter og en forbrydelse mod den bibelske lære og Talmud? og 2) </div>
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Om orgelspil set som et arbejde på sabbaten var et brud på den bibelske lære og Talmud. Trods store overvejelser af ortodoks art nåede David Deutsch frem til et nej på begge spørgsmål – dog med den interessante modifikation, at det ville være bedst, hvis orglet i synagogen kunne blive trakteret af en ikke-jøde, da problemet med forbud mod at arbejde på sabbaten i så fald ville være mindre! Netop spørgsmålet om organisten måtte eller burde være en jødisk eller en ikke-jødisk musiker, kom helt frem til det 20. århundrede til at få en fremskudt plads i diskussionen. Uanset de teologiske og kulturelle diskussioner bevægede reformerne sig dog hastigt frem i Tyskland og i flere andre centraleuropæiske lande, hvor tysk-jødisk kultur var dominerende. De sefardiske jøder i Sydeuropa og i Rusland var overvejende imod reformerne, og her overlevede den traditionelle gudstjenesteform længere end i de øvrige områder. </div>
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Som dokumenteret i en doktorafhandling af Tina Frühauf, ”Orgel und Orgelkultur in deutsch-jüdischer Kultur” fra 2005, blev der fra begyndelsen af 1800-tallet i stigende antal anskaffet orgler til synagoger i Tyskland og omgivende lande. Der var, som i kirkerne, tale om instrumenter af forskellig størrelse efter synagogens og menighedens størrelse. Dispositionsmæssigt er der ikke umiddelbare forskelle at spore i forhold til de instrumenter, orgelbyggerne leverede til kirker på samme tid. Førende orgelbyggerier som Buchholz, Ladegast, Walcker og Sauer leverede adskillige instrumenter på op til tre manualer og pedal til synagoger i de større tyske byer. </div>
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Historien om orgler i tyske synagoger sluttede dramatisk i 1938, hvor stort set alle synagoger blev sat i brand i forbindelse med Krystalnatten d. 9.-10. november. Der blev ødelagt o. 200 synagoger overalt i Tyskland, og inventaret blev i de fleste tilfælde sat i brand eller ødelagt på anden vis, herunder også de fleste orgler. Enkelte steder forblev orglerne intakte, men de blev efterfølgende af magthaverne fjernet og indsat i kirker. </div>
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En særlig dramatisk øjenvidneberetning fra en af synagogerne, der blev ødelagt i Krystalnatten, stammer fra Mannheim, hvor synagogen lå bygget klods op ad beboelseshuse. Samuel Adler, der var søn af den stedlige jødiske kantor, oplevede ødelæggelserne som barn og nedskrev senere sine oplevelser: </div>
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“So they set two explosive charges: one in the arc which by the way contained the 122 Torah scrolls of all sizes, the other under the organ. The first explosion blew out the entire front walk, the second blew a huge hole in the choir loft floor, destroyed the balcony and blew the organ over the side so that it hung from a cable over the balcony about fifty feet from the main floor” </div>
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Far og søn vovede sig alligevel ind i synagogen for at redde noget af musikbiblioteket, og Adler beretter videre: </div>
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“Just then, since there was so much dust, I sneezed. Immediately we heard one of the officers downstairs command a man to go upstairs and to shoot anyone there on sight. He had hardly finished shouting when the cable of the organ gave way and the console crashed to the floor barring the entrance to the door leading upstairs. Confusion reigned down there while my father and I weighed down with books rushed down the stairs into the secret passage and safely reached the house across the street, and miraculously all in one piece we had accomplished an impossible deed.” </div>
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I Berlin blev orglet i synagogen i Oranienburger Strasse på Krystalnatten reddet ved en snarrådig og heldig indsats fra en tilstedeværende politibetjent, der ganske enkelt tilkaldte brandvæsenet - men bygningen og orglet blev senere ødelagt ved et bombeangreb i 1943. </div>
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I dag findes der kun to tyske synagoger i henh. Berlin og Frankfurt a.M., hvor der atter er bygget orgler.</div>
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Reformgudstjenesterne og orgelkulturen blomstrede i mange synagoger i USA fra o. 1900, og med de mange jøder, der kom til landet før, under og efter 2. Verdenskrig blev de amerikanske synagoger hjemsted for en stærk jødisk reformkultur. En af de førende musikere og forskere på området var Jacob Beimel (1875-1944). Han var opvokset nær Minsk i Hviderusland som søn af en jødisk kantor og havde således fra sin opvækst et indgående kendskab til den traditionelle jødiske musikkultur. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Som ung kom han til Berlin, hvor han studerede ved musikkonservatoriet, og han fik derved som noget ret enestående en professionel og direkte tilgang til både jødisk og vesteuropæisk musikkultur. Han kom i øvrigt til København i 1911, hvor han blev kantor og ved synagogen grundlagde det jødiske kor Hasomir, der eksisterede frem til 1987. Beimel emigrerede til USA i 1915, hvor han blev en af de vigtigste lærere i kantorsang, grundet sin dybe forankring i den gamle stil og i kraft af et utrætteligt arbejde med at beskrive musikken og dens historie. Beimel udgav et væld af artikler i det tidsskrift, han selv grundlagde: ”Jewish Music Journal”.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Generelt medførte reformgudstjenesterne med udgangspunkt i Tyskland et traditionstab i forhold til den gamle mundtligt overleverede jødiske synagogesang. I starten af 1800-tallet begyndte man at nedskrive musikken, hvilket betød et fastere metrum og takt end den traditionelle frirytmiske og improvisatoriske kantorsang. Sange med akkompagnement af klaver, harmonium eller orgel blev mere almindelige, hvilket yderligere forstærkede en udvikling med tilpasning til den fremherskende europæiske musik og dens tonesystem. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I begyndelsen af 1800-tallet var orgelmusikken i synagogerne stærkt præget af orgelmusikken i kirkerne, og en komponist som Johann Chr. Heinrich Rinck (1770-1846), der i kirkerne var i høj kurs, blev også spillet i synagogerne. Det var ikke overraskende den frie orgelmusik, der umiddelbart blev anvendt, hvorimod orgelkoraler ikke vandt indpas i jødisk sammenhæng. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Organisten Moritz Deutsch (1818-1892) fra Breslau komponerede i 1864 en række præludier til brug ved forskellige jødiske helligdage med anvendelse af motiver fra de jødiske liturgiske sange. Her fremkom således en sammensmeltning af to oprindeligt meget forskellige musikkulturer, hvor en oprindelig modal melodik blev blandet med funktionsharmonikken og den jødiske sang blandet med kristen kirkemusik til en form for ”orgelkoral”. Kantoren og komponisten Louis Lewandowski (1821-1894) fra Berlin betragtes som den egentlige skaber af en ”jødisk orgelkoral”, og hans orgelværker vandt stor udbredelse.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Det tyske ”Merseburger Verlag” indledte for få år siden udgivelsen af værker af jødiske komponister fra slutningen af 1800-tallet under titlen ”Synagogalmusik”. Der er i denne serie bl.a. udgivet værker af M. Deutsch og L. Lewandowski. Serien påkalder sig især interesse set fra en almen musikkulturel og musikhistorisk synsvinkel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede og under Weimarrepublikken i 1920´erne blomstrede jødisk kultur på mange felter, og som noget nyt blev der ofte afholdt orgelkoncerter i synagogerne. Her kunne programmet som i kirkerne ofte bestå af ældre orgelmusik samt transskriptioner af nyere orkesterværker. Ved koncerterne blev der ofte spillet orgeltransskriptioner af Richard Wagners musik (!). Som et udslag af den assimilation, der havde fundet sted i det jødiske samfund, blev der jævnligt afholdt velgørenhedskoncerter til gavn for en særlig gruppe i samfundet. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Således afholdt man en koncert i krigsåret 1916 i Königsbergs synagoge ”til gavn for de tilbageblevne underofficerer og mandskabet fra det 1. armékorps”, hvor der bl.a. blev spillet orgelmusik af Rheinberger. Et tegn på det utvungne kulturelle samarbejde, der fandt sted mellem jøder og kristne i starten af det 20. årh., var de mange koncerter, hvor orglerne i synagogerne blev spillet af kristne organister. Således uropførte komponisten Gerard Bunk en række af sine orgelværker i synagogen i Bielefeld. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Hugo Chaim Adler komponerede i 1931 ”Toccata og fuga over et hebræisk tema”, der vandt betydelig genklang og fik flere opførelser, bl.a. ved en radiotransmitteret koncert fra domkirken i Köln i 1932 – altså kun omkring et år inden den nazistiske magtovertagelse.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Efter 1933 indførte det nazistiske styre snart store begrænsninger i udfoldelsen af jødisk kultur, og jødiske kunstnere blev fjernet fra offentlige hverv. Der indførtes et apartheidsystem, hvor jødiske kunstnere kun kunne fremføre kunst for andre jøder i de særlige ”jødiske kulturforeninger” – hvor fremførelse af værker af ”tyske” komponister blev forbudt. En del jøder har beskrevet, hvorledes de i 1930´erne kom til at føle sig mere ”jødiske” i takt med, at de ikke fik mulighed for at definere sig og udfolde sig som tyske statsborgere. Hvor de fleste jøder ikke tidligere havde defineret sig som ”jøder”, men udelukkende som ”tyskere”, blev de tvunget til at aflægge sig deres tyske identitet. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Med Krystalnatten forsvandt de fleste orgler fra de jødiske synagoger i Tyskland. Desuden blev en væsentlig del af selve nodematerialet i synagogerne ødelagt. Kun i kraft af den jødiske emigration, der havde fundet sted både inden og i løbet af 1930´erne, overlevede en del af den jødiske orgelkultur i USA og enkelte andre steder. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I Danmark var der allerede i slutningen af 1700-tallet en tæt forbindelse til de tysk-jødiske reformtanker, idet en svoger til Moses Mendelssohn boede i København. Han og andre forsøgte at indføre reformgudstjenester i den københavnske synagoge; men en stor del af menigheden og rabbineren var imod, og der blev derfor ikke foretaget ændringer i gudstjenesten. Senere forsøg op gennem 1800-tallet ledte til samme negative resultat for reformisterne, og der blev ikke indført et orgel i synagogen. Til gengæld indgik man et kompromis ved, at der blev sunget uakkompagnerede dansksprogede salmer både før og efter prædikenen i gudstjenesten. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fra 1814 fik jøderne i Danmark fulde borgerlige rettigheder. Loven krævede dog, at der blev afholdt konfirmation i synagogen efter forbillede i den kristne konfirmation. Til den første konfirmationstjeneste i 1817 havde præsten C.J. Boje tilrettelagt og gendigtet 21 Davidssalmer på dansk. To af tidens førende komponister, Frederik Kuhlau og C.E.F. Weyse komponerede melodierne, og ved konfirmationstjenesten i 1817 spillede Kuhlau selv på et til lejligheden lånt positivorgel. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I midten af 1800-tallet var A.P. Berggreen i sin egenskab af sanginspektør i en periode også tilknyttet synagogen og underviste kordrenge. Han blev dog ivrigt modarbejdet i sit arbejde af kantoren, og Berggreen havde vel næppe heller nogen stor forståelse for den gamle jødiske sangkultur med tonesystemer væsensforskellige fra 1800-tallets europæiske musik. På et senere tidspunkt anskaffede man et harmonium til særlige tjenester, og som et kuriosum kan nævnes, at Børge Rosenbaum alias Victor Borge i 1920´erne og -30´erne for at supplere sine indtægter jævnligt betjente dette instrument ved begravelser! </span><br />
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David Deutsch: Die Orgel in der Synagoge: Eine Erörterung, Breslau 1863<br />
Tina Frühauf: Orgel und Orgelkultur in der deutsch-jüdischer Kultur, Hildesheim 2015<br />
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Jane Mink Rossen og Uri Sharvit: A fusion of traditions – Liturgical Music<br />
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<i>Published with kind permission </i><br />
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<i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">John Kolstad and Herman Becker on Karl Johan street, Oslo July 1941. <br />Photo: Courtesy Frode Sæland</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">HERMAN HIRSCH BECKER</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">PART II</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>by Frode Sæland</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Part of Mosquito crew<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Rhodesian with the name Keith d’Alroy Taute, born in 1916 in Fort Victoria, and a veteran pilot in the Royal Air Force, chose Herman as his new navigator. Taute held the rank of Squadron Leader in No. 21 Squadron RAF. He had lost his navigator and needed a new one for The Big Show. Perhaps he saw a young navigator with some experience ready for new challenges. In the RAF, new navigators were usually crewed with experienced pilots.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">No. 21 Squadron was one of three squadrons in No. 140 Wing; set up with de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito FB Mk VI. The unit was part of No. 2 Group of Second Tactical Air Force – a force established for tactical air support of the Allied Expeditionary Force under General Eisenhower, preparing for the campaign in North-west Europe. Taute insisted on Herman having officer’s rank and he got his promotion to Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Force from June 1, 1944. As he was without AFU and no experience with fast moving aircraft, he was sent to training course at the Group’s Ground Support Unit, a Mosquito Conversion Course as well as temporary flying duties at RAF Station Gravesend, Kent.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The aircrews’ tension increased as preparations for the invasion intensified. On the actual D-day, Keith and Herman trained for firing and bombing runs to be carried out after the landings. On June 7, they got a transfer note for another unit in the wing, No. 464 Squadron Royal Australian Air Force, where Taute would head the “A” flight. The operation order for the wing was to cause maximum delays of all movements by road and railway by enemy forces during night in specific areas beyond the beach heads. On June 9, the Australian squadron received three complete crews, including Taute and Becker, reaching full war establishment. Their first operational sortie on June 10, patrolling roads in Normandy, was unsuccessful, because the four 500 lbs. bombs stuck.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The period from June to October 1944 was a busy one. Depending on the weather conditions, Keith and Herman was on the wings at night, attacking roads, crossing points, railway junctions and marshalling areas with cannon fire, bombs or a combination of both, over places eventually known from the campaign: Cherbourg, Chartres, Mezidon, the Vire-area, the Falaise pocket, the Chagny Rail Yards and Rouen. In October, they carried out their first attacks in Germany, at Saarbrucken. At the end of October, 24 aircraft from the wing carried out a daylight raid against the Gestapo headquarters at Aarhus, Denmark. At the time, Herman enjoyed his long-term leave.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman finished a tour of 35 sorties on Mosquito (and over 300 flying hours). The intensity of operative sorties since D-day affected the crews in the form of psychic pressure, mental overload and accumulated unease. The loss of comrades was devastating. Taute left the squadron and Herman was without pilot. Enjoying a well-deserved rest period, his mind was not at peace. During leave in London, an air force colleague told him about recent developments in his hometown. He was informed that his family had been deported to Hitler-Germany. Years of doubt, concern and anxiety turned into certainty. He realised that the Nazis had murdered his family. He must have felt despair and desperation, as well as commitment and will power to go on. Meeting an acquaintance from Stavanger, offering him a rest period in Canada, he declined with the words: “I am going to get those bastards.”<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman knew it was difficult to shun an obligatory rest period. Norwegian authorities declined his first request. However, he knew whom he had to speak to in order to get a new operational tour. Probably, he talked with the personnel officer of No. 140 Wing, who conferred with Wing Commander Bill Langdon of 464 Squadron. He met with Langdon, who granted him a second tour without any formality. A couple of days later Squadron Commander Langdon wrote a recommendation for the award Distinguished Flying Cross: “This Officer possesses a very high standard of Navigational ability which he employs to the utmost in his duties. His efforts have been a fine example of skill and devotion to duty. He has elected to return to this squadron for his second Operational tour and he will undoubtedly play an outstanding part in future operations carried out.”<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">King George V sanctioned the DFC for Sub-Lieutenant Herman Hirsch Becker in January 1945, and he could fix his first ribbon, alternating violet and white diagonal stripes, above the left breast pocket of his battle dress. The same month, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence followed suit by recommending him for The War Medal, number four of military awards for service during Second World War. He could add a ribbon with stripes of gold on red, the colours of the national banner.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman Becker, in the middle, during the Wings Parade in "Little Norway"</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As Herman started his second tour in November 1944, No.140 Wing was attacking communication targets in the Netherlands. He eventually crewed with an Australian, Flying Officer John Herbert Palmer. In December, their area of operations moved southwards to Luxembourg - Koblenz, due to the Ardennes Offensive. On Christmas Eve, their mission was to bomb German munitions transports in the Ardennes salient, in support of Patton’s III Corps, struggling to break through to Bastogne from the south against heavy resistance.<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>After the turning point of the Battle of the Bulge, as the headquarters of Hodges’s First Army and Simpson’s Ninth Army celebrated New Year’s Eve with turkey and champagne, 18 fighter-bombers from Herman’s squadron attacked village and railway targets at the northern front, under atrocious weather conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In February, the wing relocated to a provisional airfield at Rosières-en-Santerre south of Amiens. The squadrons were immediately involved in the launch of <i>Operation Veritable</i>, preparing for the crossing of the Rhine. The first sortie for Herman and John was bombing and strafing the usual targets in direct support of the Canadian First Army at the northern end of the front. At the end of the month, they participated in<i> </i>a massive large-scale daylight attack on communications network targets in the area Bremen – Hannover, as part of <i>Operation Clarion</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman was the only Norwegian in an Australian squadron, consisting of mostly Australians, Britons, Canadians and New Zealanders – a typical Commonwealth unit. He distinguished himself by carrying his navy blue uniform with pride. How did he fit in? Some say he fitted in very well; he was well regarded and highly respected for his skills. Some say he was a quiet, self-contained person, who did not get close to anyone – a lone wolf. Some say he was “an absolutely delightful person”, first class, with a warm personality.<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>All relevant aspects of what I would call an ordinary person, not extraordinarily ordinary, but a usual chap and a good bloke – admittedly of the quiet, sensitive and introvert kind. I suppose none of his brothers in arms had any idea of the anguish, pain and black sorrow he carried within him. However, he would be welcome in a unit where skill, competence and sense of duty were central criteria, where an egalitarian Aussie attitude ruled and where racial prejudice played no part. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In March, as the Battle for the Rhine raged on the ground, they flew <i>Intruder </i>operations as usual ahead of the front. As frequency dropped, the crews had time to practice on pinpoint raids, specialised low-level daylight attacks on selected targets, for which No. 140 Wing became renowned. At the end of the month, the secret mission to attack the Gestapo Headquarters in Copenhagen was authorised. The next morning, seven Mosquitos of 464 Squadron took off for an airfield at Fersfield, East Anglia, to conduct the raid. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">First Pilot 5247 Herman H. Becker</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Operation Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Danish Resistance had requested an attack on the Gestapo HQ via Special Operations Executive (SOE) in London in order to gain some respite, to stop the break-up of resistance cells and free central cadres incarcerated at the top floor of the Shell building, in order to prepare for the Liberation. The briefing of the crews reflected the meticulous planning of the raid. They were shown photos, specially designed slides, film footage, and charts with <i>flak</i> positions marked, a system of fix points, specially designed models and several types of maps. All in order to carry out a surprise attack, to bomb only the lower floors of the office building situated in a densely populated area, and to avoid added <i>flak </i>capacity of a newly harboured German cruiser. The briefing was repeated thrice. After the briefing, Herman met the Danish SOE representative Major Truelsen in the officers’ mess, giving him photographs of his family in Norway, asking him to keep them safe for him.<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>I see this as an expression of a fatalism typical of experienced warriors and Herman’s wish to leave a personal sign to his neighbours.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the morning, March 21, 1945 18 Mosquito fighter-bombers from No. 140 Wing took off in three waves of six aircraft in clear but windy weather. 31 North American P-51 Mustang fighters from Fighter Command escorted the attack force. A two hours bumpy crossing of the North Sea at very low-level covered the windscreens with salt spray, reducing visibility. The first wave reached a gloomy Copenhagen on time, increasing speed to 300 mph. In the final run-in, the fourth aircraft hit a light tower, got out of course and crashed at some garages along a city boulevard, catching fire almost immediately as the ammunition exploded. The three first aircraft bombed the target building, the fifth hit as well, while the last missed due to an evasive manoeuvre. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">The second wave arrived over a minute later and black smoke from the fire made navigation difficult. The two first crews could not see the target and decided to do another turn; the first bombed the Shell house, while the other decided to bring their bombs back. The third aircraft got out of course, lost a bomb and sent the remaining bomb against the fire, hitting the Jeanne d’Arc convent school nearby. The crew in the fourth aircraft observed the confusion, made a turn and came behind the fifth (Palmer & Becker) and the sixth aircraft. They were both on course but a tiny distraction made them bomb a nearby building complex. The last aircraft hit a pillbox on the corner of the Shell house.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman in full uniform onboard Catalina aircraft that was involved</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The third wave arrived somewhat late due to navigational problems. On a northerly course, they were led directly to the roaring inferno of the crash. Smoke obscured final fix points and most of the crews mistook the smoke for the target. Five of the six aircraft released their bombs in the Frederiksberg area, as well as the last Film Production Unit Mosquito with incendiary bombs. The sixth aircraft realised the mistake and brought the bombs back.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The attack took about five minutes and the raiders set course for home, flying at low-level in small groups across Sealand. Five aircraft of the first wave made it to East Anglia after a five and a half hours trip. The two last aircraft of the second wave came too far north and were his by <i>flak </i>as they left the coastline. Palmer and Becker saw the sixth aircraft turn north and crash in the sea. Palmer tried to keep his aircraft steady with one engine, turning off the other engine to reduce the fire. After a distance, the aircraft crashed in the sea in flames. Herman opened the emergency hatch and got out on the fuselage, which was pulled down by the rough sea. The tailfin must have hit him on the head as the aircraft sank into the sea. Knocked unconscious, he drowned in the Samsoe belt. Alone. Thus Herman fell. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman Becker August 1944</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Epilogue<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the base at Rosières-en-Senterre, France, the keeper of 464 Squadron’s Operation Record Book had difficulties in accepting the loss of veteran crews in the day’s raid, after receiving news from Fersfield in the evening. “Unfortunately, the day’s work has cost us four well tried veterans – F/O “Spike” Palmer and his Norwegian Navigator – S/Lt. Herman Becker, also F/O “Shorty” Dawson and his Navigator F/O “Fergie” Murray. All these chaps had been long with the Squadron and their loss is not only a shock to us all but a severe blow to the Squadron. There is a slight hope that they have “ditched” and got away – such is our hope.”<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>Officially, the crews were missing in action. The keeper of the Operations Record Book of No. 2 Group, however, had no illusions, regardless of reports of Herman waving farewell as the aircraft ditched and a crewmember observed at the fuselage. A later entry stated shortly that Herman was “killed”.<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>Presumably, he got a wet grave just like his pilot.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Four days later a corpse was washed ashore on the island of Samsoe, east of Jutland. Local fishermen found nothing to identify the dead, but from the Navy battle dress, they assumed he was a British airman. They handed the corpse over to German authorities, who buried the corpse in secrecy at Tranebjerg cemetery, in order to avoid manifestations by the local population.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After exhumation in 1947, British authorities decided that the remains belonged to a British officer from Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy. Identification showed the rank of Sub-Lieutenant, an unknown pilot wing with the letter ‘S’ on a red circle, two ribbons, one of an unknown award, the other of DFC, and a small kangaroo emblem inscribed “Australia”. A simple headstone read “Unknown British Flyer”.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the 1990s, Colonel Helge William Gram of the Danish Army pioneered an identification project of the 1.100 aviators from the Commonwealth countries and the USA that lie buried in Denmark.<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>After eight years of work, 90 were still unidentified. Trying to identify an Allied pilot, Mr. Gram received a copy of the 1947 exhumation report at Samsoe that puzzled him. In 1994, a request originating from Mr. Gram started my quest for a family history. A reinterpretation identified the unknown pilot at Samsoe as Herman Hirsch Becker. Gold wing with an ‘S’ in centre was definitely a Norwegian navigator wing (S for <i>speider</i>). In consultation with Norwegian authorities, The Commonwealth War Graves Commission accepted the identification in the year 2000. The same year, a new head stone with his name was erected. In 2010, the Star of David was engraved on the stone. Finally, his grave got a name and a broader audience has to know of his war efforts. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Published by<a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank"> Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-89259631209883606202017-10-15T00:19:00.000-07:002017-10-15T00:19:22.234-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">HERMAN HIRSCH BECKER</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">PART I</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>by Frode Sæland</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This is a micro history within a
general history. A tale of a Norwegian naval aviator and his efforts in the
Second World War. A story of a named warrior, who rendered faithful service in
the war. Nevertheless, he was cut off from the fruits of victory. This is the
story of Herman Hirsch Becker. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Family background<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman was born in a village south
of Stavanger on the south-west coast of Norway. His parents were Russian Jews, fleeing
from Russia at the start of the First Word War. His father, Hille, crossed the
Baltic Sea at the age of 29, travelling via Sweden to Oslo in August 1914. In
Russia, his 26 years old fiancé Judith Davidova Zemechmann had to wait for five
months in order to join him. She had visited several European cities as a piano
teacher, accompanying well off families from St. Petersburg on their educational
journeys. She arrived at Oslo directly from St. Petersburg in January 1915.They
married and rented a small flat down town. Hille worked in a watchmaker shop,
while Judith stayed at home, as most women in immigrant families did. In May,
Judith gave birth to her first-born son Israel Josef. The family did not settle
in Oslo, as conditions were bleak. In August 1916, the family moved to the
industrial town of Stavanger, hoping for better opportunities in a town where
the canning industry was booming due to wartime conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
Becker family was part of a major emigration from the Pale of Settlement in the
years between 1880 and 1920. Nearly 3 million Jews emigrated from Eastern
Europe due to restriction of opportunities, increasing poverty, systematic
discrimination and brutal harassment. The Becker’s escaped as Russia launched punitive
measures against the Jewish population in the western parts of the empire after
the attack by Imperial Germany. Tsarist Russia considered Jews in these areas
to be pro-German. However, unlike the majority emigrating to North America, Europe
and Palestine, a small minority settled in the peaceful corner of Scandinavia,
a region with a historically low part of Jews in the population. By 1920,
approximately 1.200 Jewish immigrants had come to Norway, primarily from
Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, and Russia. They mainly settled in the two towns with Jewish communities, Oslo and
Trondheim, but gradually some moved to other towns and rural regions as well. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-caBaOouwwlY/WeJMZQRiSEI/AAAAAAAANk0/RMxgFR4miIg5porH3Bpwziaf1xYawPYlACEwYBhgL/s1600/HermanB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="252" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-caBaOouwwlY/WeJMZQRiSEI/AAAAAAAANk0/RMxgFR4miIg5porH3Bpwziaf1xYawPYlACEwYBhgL/s640/HermanB.jpg" width="218" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Herman Becker as a student at <br />Storhaug school Stavanger.<br />Photo: courtesy Frode Sæland</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Childhood and youth<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The family of three moved to the village
of Bryne on the regional railway line in 1918. In four years, the family
counted five. Herman Hirsch Becker was born on July 30, 1920. Their only
daughter Ada Abigael Becker was born in Stavanger on January 20, 1922. At Bryne,
Herman enjoyed a good and safe upbringing. Hille ran a small watchmaker shop on
the main street, struggling to make ends meet. Judith sold candy in the shop in
order to add to the income. She took on pupils learning to play the piano. She
also played the piano at the local cinema screening silent movies of the day
and provided live music at gatherings and celebrations at the regional college.
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
Becker’s may have had limited social intercourse and a modest income,
nevertheless, they were accepted and respected in the small community. Herman
was a lively, talkative boy, making a lot of fun. He was allowed the keep his
full, dark hair rather uncut, in a bohemian way, until he entered primary
school in 1929. Considered an ordinary and proper schoolboy, he did not
distinguish himself in any way. His musical talent, however, flourished as his
father taught him to play the violin. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In
1928, the family moved back to Stavanger. Hille established a watchmaker shop near
the harbour, eventually renting a flat in a respectable part of town. Herman
finished primary school in 1934 with top marks. His socialization into
Norwegian customs and habits happened in a normal, self-evident way. The family
ethos was to become good Norwegians. Like his brother and sister, Herman spent years
in the Christian based Scout Movement. He was like any other boy in the street
- active in play, outdoor activities and competitions. Of course, he learned to
ski, becoming a competent skier. He liked to play football and was a prominent
member of the local junior team. Herman, however, had temperament. He did not
tolerate derogatory remarks on Jews or Jewishness. Whenever someone made a
stupid remark or a joke at his expense, he sat the limit with his bare fists. </span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In
his teens, football and sports gave way for more artistic and intellectual
interests. He took regular lessons on the violin and played chess. Although
Herman occasionally played the violin for his friends on outdoor gatherings, he
was alone in his musical education. Friends regarded him as a quiet and pensive
person. New interests, however, were not traded in good achievements at secondary
school, where he performed mediocre. I suppose the age of puberty was difficult
also with regard to identity. Classical music became his main field of interest,
but not exclusively. He was stand-in for the town orchestra, played regularly
in the orchestra of the local theatre and listened passionately to American
big-band jazz music. His formidable performance on solo violin at a school-ending
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Herman
finished his education with a two-year course at the commercial gymnasium of
Stavanger, graduating in 1939 with good results. He obviously enjoyed the combination
theoretical and practical subjects, preparing him for a job in trade and
commerce. He was well liked and friendly, a cheerful and jovial fellow, with a
friendly smile and a quick reply, usually in the centre of any group of
youngsters, without being a leader type. He was not pious or interested in
religion, although he received a basic religious education at home. Whether it
was related to his elder brother Israel marrying Ida Goldman, sister’s daughter
of the well-known factory owner and tradesman Moritz Rabinowitz, whether it was
related to an improved financial situation for the Becker’s, making a
relatively expensive membership affordable, or whether it was related to the
international situation and increasing anti-Semitic pressure in Norway, we shall
never know. Nevertheless, in September 1939 Mr. Becker applied for membership
in The Mosaic Religious Community, Oslo for the rest of the family.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Herman starting
working in his father’s shop, keeping the books and attending the shop, as his
father grew ill of asthma. He started to earn his own money and perhaps he planned
a career. In November, he reported relocation to Oslo, but he did not move. He
stayed in his hometown, loyal to his family, working as a shop attendant. With
a war on in Europe, times were marred with uncertainty and worry. Many of the
immigrant families of the second wave had relatives in Central and Eastern
Europe. The situation for the 500 Jewish refugees arriving in Norway until 1940
was more precarious, as they had no permanent resident permits.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Herman
was representative for the second generation of Jewish immigrants in Norway. He
spoke the native language, as the families were eager to become Norwegians as
quickly as possible. Most families adopted a particular strategy of adjustment,
a form of self-adjustment, while resisting a strong pressure for assimilation. Families
were largely integrated in society, adopting a Norwegian identity as well as
maintaining their Jewish identity, within a position as a religious minority. Children
of the families received what their parents did not get: social security,
education and a good upbringing, forming a basis for social mobility. An
entrenched, bureaucratic anti-Semitism was probably more of a problem for the
immigrant families than bursts of a latent anti-Semitism in society as a whole.
The authorities demanded 20 years of residence before granting citizenship,
especially to Jews from Eastern Europe. The Becker family received their
Norwegian citizenship in 1936. Many poor Jewish immigrants, however, did not. Both
generations seem to have appreciated the protection given by a hard-earned
citizenship, becoming most loyal citizens. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Grown-up under Nazi occupation <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Nazi attack on Norway on April
9, 1940 came as a shock, to both officials and the people at large. German
air-landing troops quickly occupied the airport, harbour and town of Stavanger,
while Norwegian Army units established defence lines further inland. Neither
Herman nor Ada were part of the panic evacuation by ships to hamlets at the
inner fjords the next day. In town, ordinary life carried on under the parole
“calm and order”. The town was of strategic importance and the Royal Air Force
was on the wings several times. During a bombing raid, two aircrafts were hit
by <i>flak</i>. One burning bomber crashed
in the centre of town, causing a fire at the school attended by Israel, Herman
and Ada. Due to requisitions<i> </i>by <i>Wehrmacht</i>, the Becker’s had to move to a
new flat. The anti-Jewish policy of the occupation authorities became manifest
as local police was ordered to confiscate radios owned by Jews.</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In
the early summer of 1940, Herman met a young girl named Aslaug, five years his
junior. They enjoyed each other’s company and soon fell in love. Herman’s
mother did not approve of his choice. As culturally conservative, she insisted
on finding a Jewish girl, to no avail. There were no suitable candidates for
miles – Herman had found his girl. He insisted on deciding the issue himself –
staying out by a rock, the whole night to mark his will adamantly. Reluctantly,
Judith accepted Aslaug, involving her in cooking. Herman and Aslaug became a
couple, meeting twice a week, staying with friends during week-ends and
holidays, doing what young people used to do; go dancing, to the cinema,
hiking, go bathing, visits at family cottage, skiing in the mountains, and
arranging private dancing as public dancing was banned by the occupation authorities.
<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<img border="0" height="356" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-opGfrIyxXNM/WeJLthtPBCI/AAAAAAAANkk/mtzdhSsCATwDr_lmexy7HxOyo0bf34cswCLcBGAs/s640/herman%2Bstrandliv.JPG" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aslaug and Herman, summer 1941. Photo courtesy Frode Sæland </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> It
is impossible to say how occupation affected the prospects of live for young
people. On the outside, seemingly not. However, indications suggest that a
major choice was under way. Herman was a man of integrity, displaying a strong
sense of justice, valuing social equality and believing in national
sovereignty. Parading German troops in his beloved hometown must have been a
provoking and disheartening experience. It can be humiliating for a young man
liable to military service to live in an occupied country. I can imagine his
response to the bombastic music of a military band playing in the town square: although
music seldom was completely free, freedom was an integral part of a nation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZDnEIRMj2dI/WeMA8gTlA0I/AAAAAAAANmc/WR02_cPW_FYB9WMUAdwdrnP1G83bJTVcQCLcBGAs/s1600/HermanBecker-fmu%2B001%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1161" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZDnEIRMj2dI/WeMA8gTlA0I/AAAAAAAANmc/WR02_cPW_FYB9WMUAdwdrnP1G83bJTVcQCLcBGAs/s640/HermanBecker-fmu%2B001%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="464" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Herman Becker in "Little Norway". Photo courtesy Frode Sæland</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In
October 1940, the eldest son of the neighbour family Gilje suddenly left for
Oslo. In fact, he crossed the border to Sweden and later joined the Royal
Norwegian Air Force in Britain. He and Herman were of the same age, attending a
session for compulsory military service half a year earlier. Appeals to report
for duty by the government in exile may have reached the young men. The
youngest of the Gilje brothers collected petrol for a crossing of the North
Sea. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> One
summer evening in 1940, while saying goodnight to Aslaug, Herman got agitated
after an air battle over Stavanger. He declared his intention to participate in
similar action as well. To the protests of Aslaug, not wanting him to leave her
for war service, he muttered equivocally “Never …”. A year later Herman went on
a business trip to Oslo, sending Aslaug a post card preparing her for business
trips as an excuse for his absence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Herman
may have understood the impact of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June
1941. Advancing with terrifying speed, German troops conquered vast areas
capturing prisoners of war by hundreds of thousands. Smolensk, the hometown of his
father, fell on July 16. The strategic situation changed. Great Britain was no
longer alone against the Nazi aggressor. The new phase of the war may have confirmed
his earlier decision and helped him solve the dilemma on how to protect his
family. As Herman celebrated his 21<sup>st</sup> birthday and the coming of
age, his choice was to take responsibility for himself, to be a man of action,
committed to the values of free nations and dedicated to the struggle against
Nazi tyranny.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> One
night in August, he left by boat to an island further north, where eight young
men from Stavanger had arranged for a first mate to take them across the North
Sea in an old fishing vessel. Last preparations were carried out in the open
and in the evening people gathered on the quay to bid farewell to the westbound
group. After 58 hours, at sea the group reached Kirkwall on the Orkneys on
August 17. They had to sail the last part as the engine broke down. They were
well received by security officers, representatives of Church of Scotland and
the Norwegian Consulate, offering them clothing, a hot meal, cigarettes and
whiskey. After interrogation by the security officers in Aberdeen, they went by
train to London and the Royal Victoria Patriotic School for final clearance.
Norwegian military authorities took over and within a week, the young men had
their wishes for service granted. Herman joined the air force on September 1,
on the day two years after war in Europe broke out. He was among 10 young
Norwegians selected for an air training camp at Toronto, leaving Liverpool on a
troopship across the Atlantic. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Back home, his father
realised the gravity of the situation. Escaping occupation was an act of
resistance. If arrested for preparing or trying to escape, the German Security
Police would pass a death sentence. Hille went to the local police reporting
his son missing, thus avoiding harassment by the security police<i> </i>and suspicion of complicity in leaving
the country “illegally”. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Herman’s
escape was part of the so-called England-traffic, young people using every kind
of vessel to cross the North Sea in order to report for service in the armed forces
or the Merchant Navy. This traffic lasted from the summer 1940 to spring 1942,
when major losses put an end to it. A top was reached in August 1941 with 40
vessels crossing the sea. In September, over thousand individuals reached the
British Isles. Altogether, 3.300 persons in nearly 300 civilian vessels made it.
Escape was dangerous; one in ten lost their lives. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In
general, considering the small size of the Jewish minority in Norway (about
2.100 in 1940), the part playing an active role during the Second World War was
significant, nearly for percent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Flying training<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The new recruits arrived at Halifax,
Nova Scotia, after a three days voyage. They went by train to Toronto, Ontario,
where the Royal Norwegian Air Force Training Centre, also called “Little
Norway”, had been established in the harbour area near Maple Leaf baseball
stadium. Most of the aspirants entering the camp wanted to be pilots. The
chiefs replied sobering. “For every man in the air we need ten men on the
ground.” After finishing his recruit’s course, Herman had to wait for a flying
course. Through a friend, he sent a letter to Aslaug in Norway via Chicago, thus
avoiding Nazi censorship, informing her in code that he was all right. His
highest wish was to return to her and Stavanger. He had bought himself a violin
and asked her to take care of his parents. This was the only written message he
managed to get through. A Sunday in December, news of the Japanese attack on
the American naval base at Pearl Harbour broke. Once again, the war took a new
turn. It became global. As a fresh air cadet, Herman would hardly grasp the
strategic implications of the attack. Although a stunning tactical success, it
meant a strategic disaster for Japan. The greatest industrial power in the
world had been challenged. United States of America was able to mobilise unprecedented
resources in the battle against the Axis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Ragnvald/Downloads/Hermans%20War-5.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Herman
got into the fourth flying course among 31 hopeful. Training involved ground course
with practical and theoretical subjects and elementary flying training school.
His first flying lessons with instructor started April 9, 1942 at Island Airport.
At No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School at Muskoga Airport, where the cadets
learned to fly solo, his problems with landing an aircraft were evident. His
tactile skills applied successfully on the violin did not serve him well at the
yoke. He was excluded – or “washed out” – from the course, to bitter
disappointment. His dream of becoming a pilot was smashed. He got over it,
though. It was no shame being “washed out” – one-half of the aspirants were
rejected as unfit. His talents in navigation however were obvious. He was
transferred to a course for navigators, the first step of the education of
flight navigators. Here he performed with excellence and a course of education,
in accordance with the great Commonwealth Air Training Plan, was laid. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Six Norwegian
aspirants went to a course at No. 6 Air Observer School at Prince Albert. Next,
they attended No. 1 Central Navigation School at Rivers, Manitoba, with over
thousand participants. After a course at No. 7 Bombing and Gunnery School at Paulson,
he earned his navigator/bomb aimer wing and the rank of sergeant. In his leave,
Herman went with friends to New York. The impression of the metropole must have
been overwhelming. He made a concert with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra
at Carnegie Hall his priority. Back at Toronto, the navigators joined their
bomber pilot comrades for a finishing course at No. 1 General Reconnaissance
School RCAF at Summerside, Prince Edward Island, training in coast patrol
duties. Back at “Little Norway”, he served in the camp’s training section. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-O5HMD7IDGA0/WeJp0yRmZVI/AAAAAAAANmM/9b7RKE1VKMAAMrPpOJxl-szxtaXMhgW0gCLcBGAs/s640/hermann20171014_203720.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Herman plays chess with a Britisk offiser, most likely with Vagar on Shetland.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Photo:Courtesy Frode Sæland</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Herman
had finished the first part of his training during 16 months in Canada. He was
ready for duty, though not fully qualified. In March 1943, the same month as his
sister Ada Abigail arrived at Auschwitz, the Royal Norwegian Air Force detailed
Herman for overseas duties. Of a group of 28, he was the only navigator. The
group was part of a troop transport by RMS <i>Queen
Elisabeth</i> from Halifax to Liverpool. The high speeds of the world’s largest
ocean liner made escort unnecessary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In a maritime squadron<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Back in Britain, meeting a people still
showing resolve, resilience, restraint and national unity in the war effort gave
inspiration for the new warriors. Herman was detailed to a new, small unit, No.
1477 Flight Royal Norwegian Naval Air Service, Woodhaven, at Dundee, Scotland,
under Coastal Command, operating three Consolidated Catalina flying boats,
doing anti-submarine search, artic patrols and convoy escort in the Battle of
the Atlantic, as well as special duties along the Norwegian coast.<span style="line-height: 17.12px;"> </span>He
would have the required flying hours as well as the finishing courses in order
to be an able navigator. He joined an Operational Training Unit course near Enniskillen
in Northern Ireland in May. By July, he was flight navigator, participating in
his first operational sortie as part of <i>Crew
5</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The
rest of 1943, Herman flew anti-submarine search in the patrol area between the
Faroes and Iceland. This was the route used by German U-boats into the
Atlantic. Systematic patrolling by Coastal Command was the most important
preventive measure in securing the Allied convoys across the Atlantic. A sortie
would last from nine to nineteen hours. Usually, the entry in the Operation
Record Book would read; “Nothing observed.” Members of the crews experienced
sorties as futile, as a senseless waste of tiresome flying over desolate
oceans, as boring, strenuous and exhausting routine. During his 18 sorties, Herman
did not see any action at all. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> A
career peak would be the special duty tour at Christmas 1943. No. 333 Squadron sent
two Catalinas to the Norwegian coast to boost morale at home. Each aircraft
dropped 50 bags full of scarce commodities like coffee, cigarettes, tobacco,
sugar, candy, fish oil and season greetings from His Majesty King Haakon and
the government in exile. As they flew low-level over islets and sounds on the
coast of Nordland, the crew could see women and children on the ground picking
up the bags. After returning to Woodhaven, a Christmas party was given for the
personnel. Admiral attending opened his speech with the words: “Thoughts go
straight across the North Sea tonight, in both directions.” Herman may have
been silent and thoughtful by these words. He may have thought about his family
at home at the opposite coast. He had not heard from his parents since he left.
An official news bulletin on the persecution of Jews having reached Norway, referring
to the arrest and deportation of Jewish women and children in Oslo, may have
reached him, but no news about families in other parts of the country. I
suppose he was worrying sick about his parents.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In
January 1944, Herman asked for a transfer. He was fed up with routine duties
and wanted to see some action. The request was accepted at once. Although he was
without an advanced flying unit course, he was available immediately in the
pool of RAF personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></span></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-9406656869663868822017-09-05T08:48:00.000-07:002017-09-05T08:48:04.947-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.4;">Jøden kunne kun være en bestemt person i Slagelse. I hvert fald i min barndom. Det var ikke Jerusalems skomager, men Josef Litichevskij. Jeg kendte ikke hans navn dengang, Jøden var en slags efternavn. Min barndom faldt i slutningen og efter 2. Verdenskrig, men det der med holocaust kom jo først senere, i hvert fald til de kredse hvor jeg færdedes. Der var nu også andre jøder, f.eks. gik jeg i klasse med Louis, der også var jøde, men det havde jeg nu ikke fundet ud af, hvis han ikke selv havde sagt det til mig - og slæbt mig med i synagogen i Krystalgade og til hans farmor der boede inde bagved. Der var ikke skyggen af antisemitisme i at Jøden blev kaldt for jøden. Jeg kendte godt udtrykket at jøde, men det var jo bare et ord blandt så mange, som i øvrigt var ved at gå at brug.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Men Jøden boede på Bredgade, nr. 11, hvor jeg fra min senere barndom husker at tapetfabrikken Zemi placeret. Men gå derned og nyd atmosfæren her ved teater og bymuseum, man kan mærke lidt at det gamle Slagelse her!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 1.4;">Litichevskij var produkthandler, det var her man kunne tjene en skilling ved at aflevere gamle aviser og gammelt jern – det sidste var der nu ikke meget af, da jeg var barn, det var lige efter krigen, hvor alt var brugt. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kirsten Ring (f. 1939), der boede på Sct. Knudsgade, har fortalt at hun som barn solgte brugte klude og gammelt strikketøj her hos Jøden.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Men det var jo lidt af en tilfældighed, at Litichevskij havnede i Slagelse.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Josef Litischevski ved sin trykpresse, hvor han trykte <i>der vokhen blat</i>. Formatet var så lille, at han kun kunne trykke en halv side ad gangen 8riget 19.7.11)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 1.4;">Vi skal lige have lidt jødehistorie: Der var sådan set to strømme af jødiske flygtninge til Danmark. Den første var omkring 1840-50, hvor de kom fra Østeuropa. Denne første bølge var nogenlunde velstillede og det var dem der startede Jødisk Samfund, som stod for dåb, ægteskab, men også social forsorg for jøder i Danmark, det var en slags stat i staten</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 1.4;">Blandt disse første jøder er de mere kendte: brødrene Georg og Edvard Brandes, den første litteraturkritiker, sikkert Danmarks kendteste, Edvard var indenrigsminister. Der var vist også samfundsspidser som bankmanden Emil Glückstadt. De var blevet ansete folk i datidens borgerskab. Men så kom omkring 1890 en strøm til, dels som følge af jødeforfølgelser, dels som følge af landbrugets afvikling i Rusland. Det var en helt anden type: det var skræddere og småhåndværkere. De fleste af dem fik Jødisk Samfund skyndsomst sendt videre til Amerika - det ville de fleste nok også gerne. De fine danske jøder så ikke med milde øjne på deres proletariske landsmænd</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Litichevskij var typograf oprindeligt og åbnede i 1911 – han var da 19 år – et bogtrykkeri i Nansensgade 21 i København. Det bemærkelsesværdige var at trykkeriet kunne trykke på jiddisch – det var faktisk første gang der blev trykt på jiddisch i Kongeriget Danmark. Så det er noget af en litterær sensation vi her står overfor. Jiddisch var det sprog som de østeuropæiske jøder talte, det findes vist ikke mere, højst blandt klezmer-sangere. Der boede faktisk ca. et par hundrede jøder i København (Adelgade, Borgergade og deromkring). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Josef Litichevskij var kommet til København med sine forældre i 1910 fra Jekatarinoslav, en by i Ukraine ved Dnepr der producerede stensalt og –kul, med 220.000 indbyggere. Han udgav så bladet Dos vokhen blat, som nok betyder ugebladet. Det udkom i ti år til 1921. Han trykte også en masse løbesedler og udgav et par bøger på jiddisch. Men deromkring, i 1920, flyttede han nok til Slagelse, der har nok ikke været så meget brød i at udgive et blad på jiddisch.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4;">I Slagelse havde han så produktforretning, og havde mindst et par knægte, hvoraf den ene, David, gik i skole i privatskolen Dyhrs skole i på Frederiksgade, sammen med min mor, Ingrid Rasmussen (f. 1918). Davids ældre bror gik også på skolen. Men mors erindring tilsiger, at David var den kønneste af de to brødre! Man må så gå ud fra at produktforretningen har kastet en del af sig, i hvert fald så meget at knægtene kunne gå i privatskole. En del danske jøder flygtede jo til Sverige under besættelsen, men altså ikke Litichevskij – så vidt jeg ved – min onkel Poul (f. 1927) mener at huske at hans lager af brugte bildæk brændte under krigen og spredte en gruelig stank over hele byen. Resten af historien Litichevskij kender jeg desværre ikke.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4;">Der var en anden jøde i byen, han hed Zielinski, han gjorde vist også i brugte sager, og boede muligvis ud af Kalundborgvej til - der hvor min barndom udspillede sig. Jeg kan se, at der var en brugtsvognshandler i byen i 1970erne der også hed Zielinski.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4;">Men jøden er altså Litichevskij, i Bredegade.</span><br />
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Litteratur: Morten Thing: De russiske jøder i København 1882-1943. 2008. Side 120-22.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=280730886355362309#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Den er i dag hjemsted for byens teater, kaldet Krabasken, der har boet her siden 1984. De skriver på deres hjemmeside http://www.krabasken.dk/foreningen/krabaskens-historie, at det er det tidligere Landmandshotel. Det hed tidligere Hotel Stadt Hamburg, og her blev det lokale socialdemokrati stiftet i 1885. Men Landmandshotellet lå ud til Bredgade og er for længst revet ned.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=280730886355362309#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Fint beskrevet i Pinches Welner: Fra polsk jøde til dansk (<a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966">1966</a>). Han er godt nok polak fra <a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA">Łódź</a>, men det er samme problemstilling.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Gjengitt med tillatelse</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>LISE MEITNER</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Meitner’s nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, said </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">that Meitner’s university teacher, Ludwig </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Boltzmann, “gave her the vision of physics as</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> a battle for the ultimate truth, a vision </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">she never lost.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lise Meitner (7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. Otto Hahn and Meitner led the small group of scientists who first discovered nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbed an extra neutron; the results were published in early 1939. Meitner and Otto Frisch understood that the fission process, which splits the atomic nucleus of uranium into two smaller nuclei, must be accompanied by an enormous release of energy.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Meitner with actress Katharine Cornell and </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">physicist Arthur Compton</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> from the National Conference of </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Christians and Jews</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This process is the basis of the nuclear weapons that were developed in the U.S. during World War II and used against Japan in 1945. Nuclear fission is also the process exploited by nuclear reactors to generate electricity.</span></div>
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Meitner spent most of her scientific career in Berlin, Germany, where she was a physics professor and a department head at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute; she was the first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany. She lost these positions in the 1930s because of the anti-Jewish Nuremberg laws of Nazi Germany, and in 1938 she fled to Sweden, where she lived for many years, ultimately becoming a Swedish citizen. </div>
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Meitner received many awards and honors late in her life, but she did not share in the 1944 Noble Prize in Chemistry for nuclear fission that was awarded exclusively to her long-time collaborator Otto Hahn. In the 1990s, the records of the committee that decided on that prize were opened. Based on this information, several scientists and journalists have called her exclusion "unjust", and Meitner has received a flurry of posthumous honors, including the naming of chemical element 109 as meitnerium in 1997.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lise Meittner (1878 - 1968) with Science Talent Search<br /> finalists 1946, Catholic University of America</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">She was born Elise Meitner on 7 November 1878 into a Jewish upper-middle-class family in Vienna, 2nd district (Leopoldstadt), the third of eight children. Her father Philipp Meitner was one of the first Jewish lawyers in Austria. She shortened her name from Elise to Lise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The birth register of Vienna's Jewish community lists Meitner as being born on 17 November 1878, but all other documents list her date of birth as 7 November, which is what she used. As an adult, she converted to Christianity, following Lutheranism, and was baptized in 1908. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Meitner's earliest research began at age 8, when she kept a notebook of her records underneath her pillow. She was particularly drawn to math and science, and first studied colors of an oil slick, thin films, and reflected light. Women were not allowed to attend public institutions of higher education in Vienna around 1900, but Meitner was able to achieve a private education in physics in part because of her supportive parents, and she completed in 1901 with an "externe Matura" examination at the Akademisches Gymnasium. </span></div>
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Meitner studied physics and went on to become the second woman to obtain a doctoral degree in physics at the University of Vienna in 1905 (her dissertation was on "heat conduction in an inhomogeneous body"). While at the University, she took her studies very seriously. Because she was unsure if she wanted to study mathematics or physics, she attended multiple lectures in both areas of study, "taking more notes than the registered students". </div>
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While studying a beam of alpha particles, she found that scattering increased with the atomic mass of the metal atoms, in her experiments with Collimators and metal foil, which led Ernest Rutherford later on to the nuclear atom, and which had been her forte, submitting her report of same to the Physikalische Zeitschrift on 29 June 1907.</div>
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After she received her doctorate, Meitner rejected an offer to work in a gas lamp factory. Encouraged by her father and backed by his financial support, she went to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin where famous physicist Max Planck allowed her to attend his lectures, an unusual gesture by Planck, who until then had rejected any woman wanting to attend his lectures.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck,(1858 – 1947)<br /> was a German theoretical physicist whose<br /> discovery of energy quanta won him the <br />Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.</span></td></tr>
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After one year of attending Planck's lectures, Meitner became Planck's assistant. During the first years she worked together with chemist Otto Hahn and together with him discovered several new isotopes. In 1909 she presented two papers on beta-radiation. She also, together with Otto Hahn, discovered and developed a physical separation method known as radioactive recoil, in which a daughter nucleus is forcefully ejected from its matrix as it recoils at the moment of decay.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Otto Hahn (1879 – 1968) was a German chemist and pioneer <br />in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. He was exclusively <br />awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944 for the discovery<br /> and the radiochemical proof of nuclear fission. He is referred to <br />as the father of nuclear chemistry.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In 1912 the research group Hahn–Meitner moved to the newly founded Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute (KWI) in Berlin-Dahlem, south west in Berlin. She worked without salary as a "guest" in Hahn's department of Radiochemistry. It was not until 1913, at 35 years old and following an offer to go to Prague as associate professor, that she got a permanent position at KWI. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the first part of World War I, she served as a nurse handling X-ray equipment. She returned to Berlin and her research in 1916, but not without inner struggle. She felt in a way ashamed of wanting to continue her research efforts when thinking about the pain and suffering of the victims of war and their medical and emotional needs. </span></div>
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In 1917, she and Hahn discovered the first long-lived isotope of the element protactinium, for which she was awarded the Leibniz Medal by the Berlin Academy of Sciences. That year, Meitner was given her own physics section at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. </div>
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In 1922, she discovered the cause of the emission from surfaces of electrons with 'signature' energies, known as the Auger effect. The effect is named for Pierre Victor Auger, a French scientist who independently discovered the effect in 1923. </div>
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In 1926, Meitner became the first woman in Germany to assume a post of full professor in physics, at the University of Berlin. In 1935, as head of the physics department of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin-Dahlem (today the Hahn-Meitner Building of the Free University) she and Otto Hahn, the director of the KWI, undertook the so-called "transuranium research" program. This program eventually led to the unexpected discovery of nuclear fission of heavy nuclei in December 1938, half a year after she had left Berlin. She was praised by Albert Einstein as the "German Marie Curie". </div>
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While at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Meitner corresponded with James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge. As Chadwick and others were attempting to prove the existence of the neutron, Meitner sent Polonium to Chadwick for his experiments. Chadwick eventually required and received more polonium for his experiments from a hospital in Baltimore, but he would remain grateful to Meitner. Later, he said he was "quite convinced that [Meitner] would have discovered the neutron if it had been firmly in her mind, if she had had the advantage of, say, living in the Cavendish for years, as I had done." </div>
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In 1930, Meitner taught a seminar on nuclear physics and chemistry with Leó Szilárd. After the discovery of the neutron in the early 1930s, the scientific community speculated that it might be possible to create elements heavier than uranium (atomic number 92) in the laboratory. A scientific race began between the teams of Ernest Rutherford in Britain, Irène Joliot-Curie in France, Enrico Fermi in Italy, and Meitner and Hahn in Berlin. At the time, all concerned believed that this was abstract research for the probable honour of a Nobel prize. None suspected that this research would culminate in nuclear weapons.</div>
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When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Meitner was still acting as head of the physics department of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. Although she was protected by her Austrian citizenship, all other Jewish scientists, including Szilárd, Fritz Haber, her nephew Otto Frisch, and many other eminent figures, were dismissed or forced to resign from their posts. Most of them emigrated from Germany. Her response was to say nothing and bury herself in her work.</div>
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After the Anschluss in March 1938, her situation became difficult. On July 13, 1938, Meitner, with the support of Otto Hahn and the help from the Dutch physicists Dirk Coster and Adrian Fokker, departed for the Netherlands. She was forced to travel under cover to the Dutch border, where Coster persuaded German immigration officers that she had permission to travel to the Netherlands. She reached safety, though without her possessions. Meitner later said that she left Germany forever with 10 marks in her purse. Before she left, Otto Hahn had given her a diamond ring he had inherited from his mother: this was to be used to bribe the frontier guards if required. It was not required, and Meitner's nephew's wife later wore it.</div>
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An appointment at the University of Groningen did not come through, and with the help of Eva von Bahr and Carl Wilhelm Oseen she went instead to Stockholm, where she took up a post at Manne Siegbahn's laboratory, despite the difficulty caused by Siegbahn's prejudice against women in science. Here she established a working relationship with Niels Bohr, who travelled regularly between Copenhagen and Stockholm. She continued to correspond with Hahn and other German scientists.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Eva von Bahr (1874 – 1962) was a Swedish physicist and teacher at a </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">On occasion of a lecture by Hahn in Niels Bohr's Institute he, Bohr, Meitner and Frisch met in Copenhagen on November 10, 1938. Later they continued to exchange a series of letters. In December Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann performed the difficult experiments which isolated the evidence for nuclear fission at their laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem. The surviving correspondence shows that Hahn recognized that 'fission' was the only explanation for the proof of barium (at first he named the process a 'bursting' of the uranium), but, baffled by this remarkable conclusion, he wrote to Meitner.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The possibility that uranium nuclei might break up under neutron bombardment had been suggested years before, notably by Ida Noddack in 1934. However, by employing the existing "liquid-drop" model of the nucleus, Meitner and Frisch, exclusively informed by Hahn in advance, were therefore the first to articulate a theory of how the nucleus of an atom could be split into smaller parts: uranium nuclei had split to form barium and krypton, accompanied by the ejection of several neutrons and a large amount of energy (the latter two products accounting for the loss in mass). She and Frisch had discovered the reason that no stable elements beyond uranium (in atomic number) existed naturally; the electrical repulsion of so many protons overcame the strong nuclear force. They also first realized that Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2, explained the source of the tremendous releases of energy in nuclear fission, by the conversion of rest mass into kinetic energy, popularly described as the conversion of mass into energy. Ironically, Meitner was motivated to begin these calculations in order to show that Irene Joliot-Curie's interpretation of some experiments violated the liquid drop model.</span></div>
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A letter from Bohr had sparked the above inspiration in December 1938: he commented on the fact that the amount of energy released when he bombarded uranium atoms was far larger than had been predicted by calculations based on a non-fissile core. But Meitner and Frisch later confirmed that chemistry had been solely responsible for the discovery, although Hahn, as a chemist, was reluctant to explain the fission process in correct physical terms.</div>
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In a later appreciation Lise Meitner wrote: The discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann opened up a new era in human history. It seems to me that what makes the science behind this discovery so remarkable is that it was achieved by purely chemical means. </div>
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And in an interview with the West German television (ARD, March 8, 1959) Meitner said: Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann were able to do this by exceptionally good chemistry, fantastically good chemistry, which was way ahead of what any one else was capable of at that time. The Americans learned to do it later. But at that time, Hahn and Strassmann were really the only ones who could do it. And that was because they were such good chemists. Somehow they really succeeded in using chemistry to demonstrate and prove a physical process. </div>
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Fritz Strassmann responded in the same interview with this clarification: Professor Meitner stated that the success could be attributed to chemistry. I have to make a slight correction. Chemistry merely isolated the individual substances, it did not precisely identify them. It took Professor Hahn's method to do this. This is where his achievement lies. </div>
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Hahn and Strassmann had sent the manuscript of their first paper to Naturwissenschaften in December 1938, reporting they had detected and identified the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, Hahn had communicated their results exclusively to Meitner in several letters, and did not inform the physicists in his own institute. </div>
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In their second publication on the evidence of barium (Die Naturwissenschaften), 10 February 1939) Hahn and Strassmann used for the first time the name Uranspaltung (uranium fission) and predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process (which was proved later to be a chain reaction by Frederic Joliot and his team). Meitner and Frisch were the first who correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission, a term coined by Frisch, and published their paper in Nature. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. </div>
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These three reports, the first Hahn-Strassmann publication of January 6, 1939, the second Hahn-Strassmann publication of February 10, 1939, and the Frisch-Meitner publication of February 11, 1939, had electrifying effects on the scientific community. Because there was a possibility that fission could be used as a weapon, and since the knowledge was in German hands, Szilárd, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner jumped into action, persuading Albert Einstein, a celebrity, to write President Franklin D. Roosevelt a letter of caution. </div>
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In 1940 Frisch and Rudolf Peierls produced the Frisch-Peierls memorandum, which first set out how an atomic explosion could be generated, and this ultimately led to the establishment in 1942 of the Manhattan Project. Meitner refused an offer to work on the project at Los Alamos, declaring "I will have nothing to do with a bomb!" Meitner said that Hiroshima had come as a surprise to her, and that she was "sorry that the bomb had to be invented."</div>
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In Sweden, Meitner was first active at Siegbahn's Nobel Institute for Physics, and at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA) and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, where she had a laboratory and participated in research on R1, Sweden's first nuclear reactor. In 1947, a personal position was created for her at the University College of Stockholm with the salary of a professor and funding from the Council for Atomic Research.</div>
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The many honors that Meitner received in her lifetime have long been overshadowed by the fact that she did not share the Nobel Prize for nuclear fission awarded to Otto Hahn. On 15 November 1945, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that Hahn had been awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei."</div>
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At the time Meitner herself wrote in a letter, "Surely Hahn fully deserved the Nobel Prize for chemistry. There is really no doubt about it. But I believe that Otto Robert Frisch and I contributed something not insignificant to the clarification of the process of uranium fission—how it originates and that it produces so much energy and that was something very remote to Hahn." In a similar vein, Carl Friedrich von Weizsackerzsäcker, Lise Meitner's former assistant, later added that Hahn "certainly did deserve this Nobel Prize. He would have deserved it even if he had not made this discovery. But everyone recognized that the splitting of the atomic nucleus merited a Nobel Prize." Frisch wrote similarly in a 1955 letter.</div>
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Hahn's receipt of a Nobel Prize was long expected. Both he and Meitner had been nominated for both the chemistry and the physics prizes several times even before the discovery of nuclear fission. In 1945 the Committee in Sweden that selected the Nobel Prize in Chemistry decided to award that prize solely to Hahn. In the 1990s, the long-sealed records of the Nobel Committee's proceedings became public, and the comprehensive biography of Meitner published in 1996 by Ruth Lewin Sime took advantage of this unsealing to reconsider Meitner's exclusion. In a 1997 article in the American Physical Society journal Physics Today, Sime and her colleagues Elisabeth Crawford and Mark Walker wrote: "It appears that Lise Meitner did not share the 1944 prize because the structure of the Nobel committees was ill-suited to assess interdisciplinary work; because the members of the chemistry committee were unable or unwilling to judge her contribution fairly; and because during the war the Swedish scientists relied on their own limited expertise. Meitner's exclusion from the chemistry award may well be summarized as a mixture of disciplinary bias, political obtuseness, ignorance, and haste."</div>
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Max Perutz, the 1962 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry, reached a similar conclusion: "Having been locked up in the Nobel Committee's files these fifty years, the documents leading to this unjust award now reveal that the protracted deliberations by the Nobel jury were hampered by lack of appreciation both of the joint work that had preceded the discovery and of Meitner's written and verbal contributions after her flight from Berlin."</div>
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After the war, Meitner, while acknowledging her own moral failing in staying in Germany from 1933 to 1938, was bitterly critical of Hahn, Max von Laue and other German scientists who, she thought, would have collaborated with the Nazis and done nothing to protest against the crimes of Hitler's regime. Referring to the leading German nuclear physicist Werner Heisenberg, she said: "Heisenberg and many millions with him should be forced to see these camps and the martyred people."<br />
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In a June 1945 draft letter addressed to Hahn, but never received by him, she wrote: You all worked for Nazi Germany. And you tried to offer only a passive resistance. Certainly, to buy off your conscience you helped here and there a persecuted person, but millions of innocent human beings were allowed to be murdered without any kind of protest being uttered ... [it is said that] first you betrayed your friends, then your children in that you let them stake their lives on a criminal war – and finally that you betrayed Germany itself, because when the war was already quite hopeless, you did not once arm yourselves against the senseless destruction of Germany.</div>
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After the war in the 1950s and 1960s, Meitner again enjoyed visiting Germany and staying with Hahn and his family for several days on different occasions, particularly on March 8, 1959, to celebrate Hahn's 80th birthday in Göttingen, where she addressed recollections in his honour. Also Hahn wrote in his memoirs, which were published shortly after his death in 1968, that he and Meitner had remained lifelong close friends. Even though their friendship was full of trials, arguably more so experienced by Meitner, she "never voiced anything but deep affection for Hahn."</div>
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In 1947, Meitner retired from the Siegbahn Institute and started research in a new laboratory that was created specifically for her by the Swedish Atomic Energy Commission at the Royal Institute of Technology. She became a Swedish citizen in 1949. She retired in 1960 and moved to the UK where most of her relatives were, although she continued working part-time and giving lectures.</div>
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A strenuous trip to the United States in 1964 led to Meitner having a heart attack, from which she spent several months recovering. Her physical and mental condition weakened by atherosclerosis, she was unable to travel to the US to receive the Enrico Fermi prize and relatives had to present it to her. After breaking her hip in a fall and suffering several small strokes in 1967, Meitner made a partial recovery, but eventually was weakened to the point where she moved into a Cambridge nursing home.</div>
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She died in her sleep on 27 October 1968 at the age of 89. Meitner was not informed of the deaths of Otto Hahn (d. July 1968) or his wife Edith, as her family believed it would be too much for someone so frail. As was her wish, she was buried in the village of Bramley in Hampshire, at St. James parish church, close to her younger brother Walter, who had died in 1964. Her nephew Frisch composed the inscription on her headstone. It reads: </div>
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Lise Meitner: a physicist who never lost her humanity. </div>
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On a visit to the USA in 1946, Meitner received the honour of "Woman of the Year" by the National Press Club and had dinner with President Harry Truman and others at the Women's National Press Club. She lectured at Princeton, Harvard and other US universities, and was awarded a number of honorary doctorates. She received jointly with Hahn the Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society in 1949, and in 1955 she was awarded the first Otto Hahn Prize of the German Chemical Society. In 1957 the German President Theodor Heuss awarded her the highest German order for scientists, the peace class of the Pour le Merite. She was nominated by Otto Hahn for both honours. Meitner's name was submitted, also by Hahn, to the Nobel Prize committee more than ten times, but she was not accepted. </div>
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Meitner was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1945, and had her status changed to that of a Swedish member in 1951. Four years later she was elected a Foreing Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS( in 1955. She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.</div>
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Meitner received 21 scientific honours and awards for her work (including 5 honorary doctorates and membership of 12 academies). In 1947 she received the Award of the City of Vienna for science. She was the first female member of the scientific class of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In 1960, Meitner was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal and in 1967, the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. </div>
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Since Meitner's 1968 death, she has received many naming honours. In 1997, element 109 was named meitnerium in her honour. She is the first and so far only non-mythological woman thus honoured. (Curium was named after both Marie and Pierre Curie.) Additional naming honours are the Hahn-Meitner-Institut in Berlin, craters on the Moon and on Venus, and the main-belt asteroid 6999 Meitner. </div>
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In 2000, the European Physical Society established the biannual "Lise Meitner Prize" for excellent research in nuclear science. In 2006 the "Gothenburg Lise Meitner Award" was established by the University of Gothenburg in Sweden; it is awarded annually to a scientist who has made a breakthrough in physics.In 2008, the chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense school of the Austrian Armed Forces (NBC) established the Lise Meitner Award. </div>
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In October 2010, a building at the Free University of Berlin was named the Hahn-Meitner Building; this was a renaming of a building previously known as the Otto Hahn Building. In July 2014 a statue of Lise Meitner was unveiled in the garden of the Humboldt University of Berlin next to similar statues of Hermann von Helmholtz and Max Planck. </div>
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A short residential street in Bramley, her resting place, is named Meitner Close. Schools and streets were named after her in many cities in Austria and Germany. </div>
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Since 2015 AlbaNova university centre in Stockholm has annual Lise Meitner Distuished Lecture. </div>
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Source: Wikipedia<br />
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Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank"><i>Scandinavian Jewish Forum</i></a></div>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-89160984534095732932017-04-14T18:34:00.001-07:002017-07-04T10:44:08.191-07:00<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kai Feinberg. Foto: Privat</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>KAI FEINBERG</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kai Samuel Josef Feinberg (f. 1921 i Oslo, død 1995 i Oslo) var en norsk forretningsmann. Foreldrene var Elias Feinberg (1894-1943) og Clara Oster (1885-1942). Hans besteforeldre innvandret fra Litauen i det daværende russiske keiserdømmet. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bestefaren var en av de første forstanderne ved den jødiske menigheten i Oslo. Kai Feinberg var en av de omkring 30 som overlevde deportasjonen av de norske jødene til Auschwitz.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Feinberg var i mange år forstander i Det mosaiske trossamfunn.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Etter krigen arbeidet han i firmaet Bergmetall AS hvor han etter hvert avanserte. Feinberg medvirket til gjenoppbygging av det mosaiske trossamfunn i Oslo etter krigen og var forstander og formann der fra 1976 til 1988. Feinberg var vertskap for Menachem Begin i forbindelse med fredsprisen i 1978.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Kais beretning inneholder ikke noe sensasjonelt, ikke noe dramatisk. Ingen steder finner vi store ord eller forslitte fraser - kanskje heller ikke noe poetisk skjønnhet i uttrykken - men en stillferdig umiddelbarhet og menneskelig varme, ekthet og ærlighet som har grepet meg sterkere og dypere enn mange av de beretninger jeg tidligere har lest. Kai forteller om en rekke nærmest mirakuløse tilfeldigheter som reddet ham fra den sikre død en rekke ganger, men hans beskjedenhet gjør at han unnlater å fortelle noe annet, noe som kan sies å være minst like mirakuløst som de beskrevne «tilfeldigheter».</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leo Eitinger i forordet</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Feinberg og Stefansen, 1995)</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Quisling-regimets statspoliti gjennomførte massearrestasjonene av jødiske menn i Oslo fra tidlig morgen 26. oktober 1942. Feinberg meldte seg 26. oktober 1942 hos politiet i Kirkeveien 23 etter at Gestapo hadde truet med å arrestere søsteren Rakel i stedet. Pengene han hadde på seg ble beslaglagt og han ble sendt videre til Berg fangeleir i Vestfold. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Den norske hirden sto for vaktholdet. Fangene der arbeidet blant annet med oppbygging av leiren. Faren var formann for den Jødiske hjelpeforeningen og ville heller ikke flykte til Sverige fordi det kunne gjøre Kais situasjon vanskeligere. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Feinberg ble 26. november 1942 deportert til Auschwitz sammen med de fleste andre jøder som befant seg i Norge. Ved ankomst ble moren og de mindre søskene skilt fra (og sendt i gasskammeret sammen med 346 andre jøder fra Norge - likene ble brent under åpen himmel). Kai og faren ble sendt til Birkenau i Auschwitz-komplekset, deretter til Buna (også kalt Monowitz), en arbeidsleir for IG Farben.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Feinberg ble tatovert med fangenummeret 79108. I januar 1943 døde faren Elias etter omfattende mishandling av vaktene. Våren og sommeren 1943 var Feinberg så svak (av underernæring og sykdom) at han var på nippet til å bli sendt i gasskammeret.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sommeren 1943 kom legen Leo Eitinger til sykestua der Feinberg var. Nordmannen Nathan Fein var også i leiren. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I leiren møtte Feinberg en gang leirsjefen Rudolf Höss*, hans 7-8 år gamle datter som spanderte iskrem på Feinberg. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vinteren 1943-1944 fikk de litt bedre behandling i form av mat og klær (trolig for å holde opp arbeidskapasiteten). I mai 1944 merket Feinberg at det ble transport inn fanger i et større tempo og at krematoriene ikke hadde nok kapasitet, slik at likene ble brent på store bål utendørs. Høsten 1944 kom det fem-seks ikke-jødiske nordmenn til Auschwitz fra Majdanek, disse fikk Rød Kors-pakker med mat som de delte med Nathan Fein og Kai Feinberg.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Da Feinberg skulle evakueres i slutten av januar 1945 ble han stanset av den rumenske legen Steinberg som ga ham et slag i ansiktet så han svimte av. Feinberg veide på denne tiden omkring 40 kg av normalt 75 kg. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SS hadde trolig planer om å drepe alle fangene som ikke var evakuert, men på grunn av uventet rask sovjetisk fremrykning rømte SS fra leiren i panikk 25. januar. Han ble etterlatt på sykestuen sammen med 800 andre da Auschwitz ble evakuert i slutten av januar 1945 og ble funnet av sovjetiske soldater som inntok leiren 27. januar. Han var vitne til at SS forsøkte å sprenge gasskamrene og krematoriene for å skjule sporene. Han var også vitne til at noen få gjenværende SS-menn ble henrettet av de sovjetiske soldatene. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Feinberg ble værende i Auschwitz til april og tok seg da gjennom Polen, Tsjekkoslovakia, Ungarn og Romania til Bucurest og den svenske ambassaden der. I Romania arbeidet han for en organisasjon som hjalp overlevende fra konsentrasjonsleirene.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I Roma arbeidet han i Vatikanet med å klarlegge hva som hadde skjedd med navngitte jøder. Der hadde han også en halvtimes privat audiens med pave Pius den 12 der han fortalte om sine opplevelser. Da han senere fikk høre om pavens unnvikende holdning overfor nazistene og fascistene, angret han på audiensen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I Basel ble han engasjert av en norsk hjelpeorganisasjon, Norwegian Relief Committee, til å lede en kolonne lastebiler med matforsyninger. Sjåførene var tyske krigsfanger. Feinberg reiste fra Romania og gjennom Italia, Sveits og Tyskland, og kom tilbake til Norge 27. oktober 1945, familiens leilighet var da tatt i bruk av andre som flyttet ut på dagen da Feinberg viste seg. Han var den eneste i familien som overlevde.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Han var vitne ved Nürnbergprosessen. I 1946 ga han en rettslig forklaring til norske myndigheter om det som hadde skjedd og han vitnet i saken mot </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://snl.no/Wilhelm_Wagner" target="_blank">Wilhelm Wagner.</a></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: large;">*</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rudolf Höss, tysk nazist, medlem av SS fra 1934. 1940–43 var han kommandant i konsentrasjonsleiren Auschwitz, der han fikk hovedansvaret for nazistenes utryddelse av jødene. Rudolf Höss ble forfremmet til generalinspektør for konsentrasjonsleriene i 1944. Höss stod bak effektiviseringen av utryddelsesapparatet og var den første som tok i bruk gassen Zyklon B. Han bodde selv i leiren med kone og fem barn. Etter krigen ble han arrestert av polske myndigheter, dømt til døden og henrettet. I fengselet skrev han selvbiografien Kommandant in Auschwitz.</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-40778284061359130902017-04-10T12:57:00.001-07:002017-07-04T11:07:39.053-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kai Feinberg<br /> Kilde: Aftenposten 1947</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Rystende anklager mot I.G Farbenindustrie.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Kai Feinberg fra Oslo </b><b>vitner i Nürnberg </b></span></div>
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<i>Nürnberg, 14 november, 1947</i></div>
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Den 26 årige Kai Feinberg fra Oslo ga i retten idag en rystende skildring av hvordan 29 medlemmer av hans familie og nærmeste slekt møtte døden i Auschwitz konsentrasjonsleir.</div>
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Den unge nordmannen som er den eneste overlevende av gruppen opptrådte som vitne i den saken mot 23 funksjonærer ved I.G Farben konsernet som nå behandles av en amerikansk krigsforbryterdomstol.</div>
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Han sa at fanger som ble sendt for å arbeide i I.G Farbens fabrikk ved Monowitz, vanligvis brøt sammen etter to måneder. De ble deretter sendt tilbake til Auschwitz eller henrettet i gasskamrene.</div>
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Feinberg fortalte at han og hans familie ble arrestert av Gestapo i Oslo i oktober 1942. De ble stuet sammen i godsvoger og sendt til den fryktede Auschwitz leiren.</div>
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Da de kom fram, ble de kvinnelige medlemmene av familien ble sendt til gasskamrene nesten med en gang. Feinberg selv, hans far og farens to brødre ble funnet arbeidsdyktige.</div>
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Vi ble badet, håret ble snauklippet og vi ble stående nakne i 18 timer, sa han. Det var svært koldt, ettersom det var 2. desember 1942. Så fikk vi fangeklærne. Først etter fire dager fikk vi mat – et stykke brød og en halv liter med suppe, som mest besto av vann. Vi ble innkvartert i spesialbehandlingsleiren i Monowitz. </div>
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Forholdene var uutholdelige. Den første arbeidsdagen, juleaften ble vi tvunget til å arbeide helt til kl. 3 om natten. Den 5. januar brøt min far sammen for mine øyene da han måtte bære sekker som veide 50 kilo. To dager senere døde han mens jeg var til stede. Den ene av mine onkler ble sendt til gasskamrene etter å ha skadet armen. Den andre brøt sammen og døde noen uker senere.</div>
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Feinberg erklærte at han selv brøt sammen og skulle sendes til gasskamrene, men den bilen som skulle kjøre dit kom heldigvis ikke og han ble isteden sendt tilbake til Auschwitz.</div>
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Fanger som arbeidet ved I.C Farben fabrikkene, klarte seg ikke lenger enn i høyden to måneder. Deretter ble de sendt til gasskamrene eller sendt tilbake til Auschwitz, slik som jeg, sa Feinberg (Associated Press).</div>
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Kilde: Arbeiderbladet 1947</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IG Farben-fabrikk i Monowitz<br />(nær Auschwitz) 1941</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.G. Farbenindustrie, tidligere tysk kjemikonsern, opprettet 1925 i Frankfurt am Main ved sammenslutning av Tysklands ledende kjemiske bedrifter. Farbenindustrie var i sin tid verdens største kjemikonsern med virksomhet innen alle kjemiens områder, drev også omfattende forskning. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1945 ble konsernet oppsplittet av de allierte og omfattet da 169 selskaper i vestsonene og 45 i østsonen, i alt ca. 850 fabrikker. I Vest-Tyskland ble kjemivirksomheten videreført i de såkalte Nachfolgegesellschaften ('etterfølgerselskaper'): Hoechst og Bayer 1951, BASF 1952. I Øst-Tyskland ble fabrikkene overtatt av staten. I.G. Farben fortsatte likevel som et børsnotert eiendomsselskap, til det gikk konkurs 2003. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I.G. Farben gikk 1927 inn i et samarbeid med Norsk Hydro og overtok 25 % av Hydros aksjekapital, mens Hydro overtok aksjer i I.G. Farben. Under den annen verdenskrig overtok konsernet de franske Hydro-aksjer og fikk dermed aksjemajoriteten i selskapet. Etter krigen ble de tyske aksjene overtatt av de franske eiere og den norske stat. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Før og under den annen verdenskrig var I.G. Farben et meget viktig selskap for det tyske nazistiske styret. Konsernets fabrikker produserte bl.a. ammunisjon og sprengstoff, syntetisk gummi og bensin som erstatningsprodukter, gassen Zyklon B til gasskamrene i konsentrasjonsleirene, samt den første nervegassen. Det brukte under krigen Auschwitz-fanger til slavearbeid i sine fabrikker og hadde i alt over 80 000 krigsfanger og tvangsarbeidere i sin tjeneste. Etter krigen ble flere av konsernets ledere dømt for krigsforbrytelser. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kilde: Wikipedia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">"Escape with Torah" by Willy Gordon <br />(1918-2003), bronze sculpture by Stockholm<br /> Great Synagogue on Wahrendorffsgatan <br />in Stockholm in Sweden. <br />The sculpture depicts a Jew<br /> escaping with the Torah scrolls. </span></td></tr>
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Willy Gordon (1918 – 2003) was a Swedish-Jewish sculptor and artist. Gordon was born at Ringen in the Russian gubernia of Courland (present day Reņģe, Ruba parish, Saldus Municipality, Latvia) and emigrated with his family to Malmö in 1925, Sweden when he was seven years old. </div>
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He studied sculpture by Nils Sjögren, at the Royal University College of Fine Arts (Konsthögskolan) in Stockholm and later with the Russian artist in exile, Ossip Zadkine in Paris.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Gordon was active in Stockholm for a major part of his life, and there about a dozen of his public sculptures can be found. For example, ”Wives” in the Fru</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ängen centre (1968), ”Living ore" in Karlavägen street in the district of </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Österhalm</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> in Stockholm and "Flight with the Torah" outside the Great Synagogue, in Stockholm's inner city. In Malmö a monument created by Gordon exists at the cemetery to commemorate all the victims of the Holocaust.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">He also created statues of famous people such as the one for tenor Jussi Bj</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ö</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">rling that is exhibited at the Björling Museum in Borl</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ä</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">nge, Evert Taube playing the lute (1990) at the Evert Taube terrace in Riddarholmen or a sculpture of Nobel prize laureate Selma Lagerlöf called The Crystal of Pain (Swedish: Smärtans Kristall) in Farsta.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Gordon also created a monument in honour of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg in Liding</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">ö</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">, an island outside Stockholm. Wallenberg is famous for saving tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews during the Nazi Holocaust.</span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-37708572828195951272017-03-28T13:44:00.000-07:002017-07-04T14:36:27.602-07:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1WplRl6f8Zg/V0XCfMpQe2I/AAAAAAAAMWo/38OJP61HkZgdzYpiEaXCYrXP9S1_L6pOwCPcB/s1600/SJFim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1WplRl6f8Zg/V0XCfMpQe2I/AAAAAAAAMWo/38OJP61HkZgdzYpiEaXCYrXP9S1_L6pOwCPcB/s1600/SJFim.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">En skamplett på sivilisasjonen</span></div>
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Jeg har med stor interesse lest herr Duesunds artikkel om jødespørsmålet – alle tiders spørsmål.</div>
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Det er beklagelig at vi i dampens, elektrisitetens og bombeflyets tidsalder ikke er kommet lenger enn at massakrer i tsarens Russland konfiskasjoner og konsenstrajonsleirer i Hitlers totalitære Tyskland - skal bli ikke unntakelsen, men regelen.</div>
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De rene raser – den ariske rase er en fiksjon uten historiske beviser.</div>
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Tyskeren bør tale sakte om sin germanske rene rase, så oppblandet med slavisk blod folket er blitt gjennom arhundreder.</div>
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Mein Kampf’s forfatter, Hitler er selv rasemessig produkt av mange stammers møte.</div>
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Antisemitismen er fortellingen om syndebukken og folket som til alle historiske tider måtte ha noen å hevne, uår, uvær eller nederlag på.</div>
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Jødefolket, Guds utvalte folk, har hatt den tvilsomme fordel eller triste vanskjebne, å være i skuddet eller i faresonen.</div>
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Den kjente svenske dr. Anton Nystrøm utga i 1930 en bok om jødene, Judarne, hos Bonner, et forsøk på å løse problemet. Her får man en fyldig historikk, et ærlig forsøk på å dele sol og vind.</div>
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Advokat E. Saxlunds Jøder og Gojim, Aas’s Forlag 1910 var den første bok i emnet i Norge. Den kom i 2 opplag men synes å være kommet i bakgrunnen.</div>
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En fyldig kritisk og historisk fremstiling gir dosent dr. philos Hugo Valentin’s bok «Antisemittisme» hos Hugo Geber, 1935.</div>
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Samme forfatter har også gitt ut Judarnas Historie i Sverige» likesom nordmannen Harry M. Koritzinsky i 1922 har gitt ut «Jødernes historie i Norge».</div>
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I vinterer utga professor Alf Sommerfelt på Grundt Tanums Forlag «Hvad er Race « en serie forelesninger ved universitetet. Jeg søkte kveld etter kveld å komme inn, men folket stod i kø flere timer før foredragene begynte.</div>
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Den kjente nervelæge dr. David Abrahamsen som Koritzinsky jøde utga i 1935 på Grundt Tanums Forlag en liten bok «Jeg er jøde», en meget god orienting i dette så sørgelig aktuelle nåtidsproblem.</div>
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Endelig har Ernst Sinding hos Gyldendal 1939 gitt ut en saklig og grei orientering, rolig og lidenskapsløs - en protest mot overflate og fanatisme i uraens og materialismen tidsalder.</div>
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Det er beklemmende at man midt i overflodens, reklamens, asfaltens, avisenes, sammeslutningenes tid skal jage statsløse mennesker fra land til land, ta fra dem det de eier, drive dem til selvmordet, berøve dem og deres en tarvelig eksistens.</div>
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Hvor er svartkjolene, hvor er kirken, «staden på berget» i dette helvede av dumhet, fanatisme og hat?</div>
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Har saltet mistet kraften? Er det verdier som kjerring, åker, fe og avkastning – møll og rust – som legger beslag på interessen? Spørsmålet er infamt, men det må besvares.</div>
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Johannes Hestman</div>
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Nordlands Avis 1939</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-16499436980928088692017-03-06T07:47:00.000-08:002017-07-06T11:56:13.338-07:00<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Symcho i 1939, <br />strax före han flyr till Ryssland.</span><br />
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Från Symcho Moszkowiczs porträtt är det lätt att associera till Nelly Sachs flyktingar av rök, till hennes gestaltningar av existenstiell utsatthet.</div>
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Båda gör «jordiskt lidande genomskinligt» skildrar mänsklighetens djupa tragedi, talar med brutal nakenhet, öppnar utsikten mot en osynlig värld i sina rapporter från själens landskap och söker i skapandet befria sig från själsbördor. </div>
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Hos Nelly Sacks finns lägerskorstenarna, hos Symcho Moszkowicz fabrikernas tegelobelisker, hos båda finns muren ock flykten (tågen) med obeveklig destination, människoruiner, smärtans hemlighet och en verklighet bortom mänsklig fattningsförmåga. </div>
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Men där Nelly Sachs poesi är spröda skrin, är Symcho Moszkowiczs bilder tysta i sin uttrycksfullhet, förseglade är munnarna och ögonen – eller ett enda öga speglar en smärta utan botten. </div>
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Första gången jag hörde konstnärens namn var vid en intervju med skulptören Ingolf Kaiser i Uppsala. Han berättade om en 19 årings livsangörande möte med Symcho Moszkowicz och kallada honom sin andlige fader. </div>
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Han är den som betytt mest för min personliga utveckling som människa och konstnär, min innställning till moral och til tingen. Och han har räddat mig många gånger. Han lyckades visa vad som var mitt rätta jag, och han uppmuntrade mig att hålla fast vid det som har med mitt urspring att göra, sade Ingolf Kaiser. </div>
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Jag hade inte gjort de saker ja gör idag om jag inte träffat Moszkowicz (De var Kaiser och Moszkowizc med varandra). Jag hade blivit en annan människa, men att inflytandet var så starkt förstod jag långt senare. </div>
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Vem var då Symcho Moszkowicz? </div>
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Han föddes i Polen 1915. Fadern dog tidigt, och han fick avbryta sina studier och gå ut och tjäna pengar för att forsörja familjen. På flykt undan tyskarna i andra världskrigets kaotiska början tillfångatogs han av ryssarna och skickades till hårt arbetsläger, till svält och umbäranden i Ural. Där blev han kvar i fem år. </div>
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Någon gång under 1945 återvände han til hemstaden Lodz och sökte forgäves efter sin familj. Han kom til Wien och sättes i läger for displaced persons. Där hittade hans syster Teresa, hans enda överlevande andförvant, honom och han fick hjälp att komma til Sverige. Det var 1947. Här forsörjde han sig på tillfällighetsjobb, fabriksarbete, tidningsdistribution, diskning och liknande. </div>
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Från början fanns ingen tanke hos Symcho Moszkowicz att bli målare. Det kom en dag när han gick omkring i Stockholm och fick lust att köpa en fargläda. Han skaffade sig pastellfarger och papper, som han klippte i småbitar för att de skulle räcka länge </div>
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Da var han 34 år. Bakom det plötsliga infallet låg säkert en lang process, ett stärkt uttrycksbehov, ett inre tryck. «En kraft jag inte kan motstå drive mig att måla", sade han också. </div>
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Från det tillfälliga i livet vände han sig nu mot det nödvändiga och satte in hela sin vilja. Helhjärtat. Och resultatet blev först trevande, men snart alltmer helgjutet. </div>
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Mylla och grogrund för hans konst var det egna ödet, barndomens syner i judekvarteren, krigets fasor, lågerlivets hårdhet och judeförföljerserna. </div>
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När han fått ihop 200 kronor började han på Otte Skold-Åke Pernbys målarskola och fick snart en gratisplats mot att han standade. Där träffade Ingolf Kaiser honom hösten 1955.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />1947, efter fem och ett halvt år i<br />tvångsarbete och nitton månader i DP läger.<br />Foto: AbstractExpress</span><br /></td></tr>
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Symcho Moszkowicz bodde i en lägenhet på ett rum och kakelugn högt upp på Bellmansgatan 14. Den var tre ganger fyra meter och takhöjden var inte mycket mer än två meter. Det var vitmålat, kalt och kallt, ungefär 6-8 grader på vintern. I den temperatur målade han och ibland var han tvungen att gå ut och värma sig.</div>
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Målningar stod lutade mot väggarna. På golvet låg material, penslar och färg. Han experimenterade och använde praktiskt taget allt, tog, aska från kakelugnen och blandade med lim, tog, sot, pappersbitar, fynd från gatan.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Symcho i sitt Paris studio, 1961</span><br />
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I Det lilla rummet målade han snart bilder som gick från golv till tak. Där utforskade han sitt eget och andras livsmysterium i porträtt och stadsvyer.</div>
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Omutligheten, fråvaron av all spekulation och den magnetiska utstrålningen fångade Ingolf Kaiser. Han berättar:</div>
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Det fanns hos Moszkowicz ett förhållande till materialet som jag inte träffat på hos andra människor. Vissa delar upp material i dyrbart och skrot. De gränserna var förskjutna hos honom. Han kunde ta materialet i handen och förvandla det, göra guld av det andligt set Alkemistisk förvandla.</div>
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Den viktigaste delen av alkemin var inte att göra guld av bly, det var att människans andlighet blev förvandlad under processen.</div>
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När hon lever detta liv blir hon själv förvandlad och något av det fanns hos Moszkowicz i hans forhållande till materien. Han kunde direkt förvandla den till något jag som dödlig människe aldrig sett. Hur det kan komma sig vet jag inte. Man kan inte komma åt med ord.</div>
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Han använde vilket material som helst och han såg en skönhet och ett direkt värde i skrapet. Jag blev påverkad av ett visst sätt att se. Han har öppnat mina ögon för en ny värld som jag inte skulle haft tillgang til. Det är där hela rikedomen ligger. Jag har märkt att jag tittar in i en annen värld.</div>
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Ingolf Kaiser berättar att deras samtal inte bara handlade om filosofi. De kunde lika gärna tala om en skosula. Det var minst lika väsentlig. Symcho Moszkowicz levde under sädan omständigheter att en sula, en gammal ytterrock eller ett bröd spelade en mycket stor roll.</div>
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Han hade levt och levde i en sådan fattigdom att en brödsmula kunde vara kvintessensen av liv. En medfånges brödbit skapte honom en gång att överlava en svår infekstion.</div>
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Om lagret berättade han aldrig på ett hatiskt sätt. Han talade om arbetet, att man fick hålla på tills man stupade, men han hade upptäckt att russar utanför lagret hade det lika fatigt, att stor nöd rådde.</div>
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I motstand och kamp hadde Symcho Moszkowicz härdat tankar och känslor. Han hade enligt Ingolf Kaiser en märklig läggning. Varje människa i hans närhet kände sig upphöjd. Han hade ett sätt att umgås så att man kände sig utvald. Och han hade en ställing av profet.</div>
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Bakom hans livssyn ligger, får man förmoda, chassidismen en judisk fromhetsriktning som var stark i Polen, Ukraina och Vitryssland. Den präglades av mystik och livsglädje och växte fram på 1700 talet som en folklig protest mot det judiskt ortodoxa. Den koncentrerade sig på det inre livet, värderade människan högt, betonade vikten av självrespekt och värdighet i tanke och handling och ansåg att det är människans plikt att utveckla och uttrycka sin särart.</div>
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Han trodde inte på Gud i vanlig bemärkelse, men ansåg att vara handlingar är av största vikt, att varje handling påverkar och ger något tillbaka. Gör man något illa, finns ingen möjlighet att komma undan. Förr eller senare får man sitt straff.</div>
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Symcho Moszkowicz små inkomster gick mest till material. Han svält och var blåfrusen och en dag föll han ihop på stan av hunger och utmattning. Då förstod kamraterna på Akademin stöttde av professor Olle Nyman, att de borde göra något för honom och de kontaktade konstgallerier. Petra tyckte att han var för dyster, krig och galgar, och Gummessons hade programmet spikat för lång tid. Det blev det mindre kända galleriet S:t Nikolaus i Gamla stan. Där debuterade Symcho Moszkowicz i februari 1957. Da var han 39 år.</div>
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Konstnären visade poesi i fragment, målad med fasthet och mjukhet: ett hörn av en kallare, kol, tröskeln till en dörr, en bit av ett stuprör, porträtt där han skiftat ansiktuttryck med palettkniv eller lokomotiv där han ristat i färgen.</div>
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Han hade tagit fram den triviala vardagens magiska och hemlighetsfulla sida, men av naturen fanns inte ett spår, Han var präglad av staden, av sin uppväxt i trånga judiska Stätel. Hans värld var den nötta stadens och de slitna människornas.</div>
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över målningarna var det något avskrapat och naket. Och Symcho Moszkowicz vågade använda svart, den okända fargen. Det var ovanligt i idyllmåleriets Sverige.</div>
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Lars Erik Åström skrev i Svenska Dagbladet: «Patenterade stillösningar bryr han sig inte om, utan han målar direkt, fylld av sitt eget patos.</div>
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Hans måleri är tungt och trögt, men ändå känsligt i techningen, smutsigt och grovt i färgen som samtidigt ofta får en dov välklang. Det är en konst med inre värden som talar om en konstnär som vet vad han vill och är på väg att finna en egen och riktig form».</div>
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I Dagen uttryckte Harry Källmark sin åsikt så här: « . .konstären har något att säga, den saken är klar. Ehuru kanskje vi i vårt välfriserade folkhemsland inte riktigt kan hänga med i hans vokabulär. En sak som man innerst inne har oräk att vara tacksam för. Namnet Moszkowicz torde man dock ha anledning att lägga på minnet.»</div>
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I Hans Eklunds recension i Konstrevy kunde man läsa: «Det glimmar emellanåt till av en grulig fränhet. I den borstigt planade formen välbalanserad trots det halvgrova penselsparket är polacken Symcho Moszkowicz, Galerie S:t Nikolaus, en psykologisk berättartalang.»</div>
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Den polskfödde konstaren Symcho Moszkowicz visar i sina teckningar förmågan att avläsa en människas ansikte och det mänskliga lidandets historia. Det leder till jamförelse med Gorkij och Dostjevskij. Den anklagande döda blicken du möter.</div>
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I dessa ansikten skakar och följer dig länge efter det du lämnat denna fascinerande utställning, skrev Eugen Wrethol bl.a i Morgonbladet och Carl Molin konstaterade i DT att man i detta måleri, som kommer inifrån, finner konstnärens egen utstrålning, hans lidande och luttrade personlighet. Hans medium är maleriskt och helt och hållet konstnärligt.</div>
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Om Symcho Moszkowicz uttryckte sig Ulf Linde i Dagens Nyheter: «Han målar med forkärlek huvuden, otilgängliga för konversation och med ostentativt, slutna munnar, fysionomier som betraktar en med yttersta misttänksamhet. Hans färg är skrovlig och foga insmickrande – alla hans verktyg tycks ha varit trubbiga. Men de stämningar han frammanar har en styrka som berör en, hans patetik är inte falsk.»</div>
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Två år senare återkom konstären på samma galleri och med en ännu stärkare utställning.</div>
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Då var det Torsten Bergmark som recenserade den i Dagens Nyheter.</div>
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«. .Symcho Moszkowicz återkommer efter sin framgångsrika debut för ett par år sedan med en utställning i Galerie S:t Nikolaus. Det var förra gången fråmst porträtten som imponerade, ochså nu når han de mest avklarande resultaten i en rad technade ansikten, mycket expressiva, mycket stramt och känsligt technade. Det väsentliga inslaget på denna utställning utgörs emmertid av några stora, nästan sotsvarta målningar, där man i dunklet vagt kan skönja olika föremål. Det fins intensitet i dessa målningar, ett känsloengagemang, men också en högspänd ambition som hotar att spränga både lokalen och den enskilda målningens integritet.»</div>
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I Konstrevy rapporterade Eugen Wretholm: «Polacken Symcho Moszkowicz skapade en gång finstämda ting, ett slags färgbehagliga ikoner präglade av ljus melankoli. För att uttrycka sina inre upplevelser behöver han nu en ny färg, torftig som fattigdomen och en stärkt förenklad bildbyggnad med stora hela plan, som inger känslan av något naket och ödsligt. I Paris driver honom svårmodet till en fabriksbyggnads dystra brandgavel, i porträtten breder han ut sorgnas svarta flak. Han har lärt av Modigliani och kanske av Piero della Francesca de långsträckta halsarna, ambitionen att med några få känsliga linjer säga vad en skog av straekc ej formar. Hans färg kan stundom dö bort, stelna till smuts men i allmänhet är relationerna djupt riktiga.»</div>
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Denna konstnär med rötter i en värld som nu är helt forsvunnen, den judiska kulturen i östeuropa varierar främst tre motivvärldar: fabriker, järnvägar och porträtt.</div>
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Bakom fabrikerna ligger nog dyrköpta erfarenheten från lägeråren järnvägarnas lokomotiv kan symbolisera flykten fångfärden mot Ural och frändernas tågtransporter mot förintelsen, och porträtten är offeröden han mött. Offerdöden.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Med sin stärka moraliska medvetenhet kända han säkert att tigande var brottsligt, att han måsta tala, och han gjorde det på sitt sätt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Han gjorde det i teckningar, där han genom koncentration förtätat själstämningen, där lidandets eld lever i dufsa skuggansikten och där ögonen ställer avgrundsjdupa frågor. Han gjorde det i målningar med tunga ytor, ruvande mörka farger och blodröda accenter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Till en början uttrycket han smärta med svart men senare med rött precis som en smed som låter metallen glöda. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Om sin konstsyn sade Symcho Moszkowicz bland annat: «Jag tycker om målningar med kraft och utryck. För att få fram uttryck behövs inte många fråger. Ofta är det mera kraft i en färg som svart, förutsatt att den äre korrekt och att teckningen uttrycker sanningen.»</span></div>
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Janet Schneider, tidigare chef för museet Queens skriver, "Moszkowiczs upplevelser under kriget outplånligt märkt hans moraliska, metafysiska och estetiska åtaganden, och som sådan, hans personliga historia kan inte skiljas från en förståelse för sin konst." Även om liknande observationer kan göras av ett antal stora artister från andra perioder, verkar det att bara Moszkowicz framkommit från Förintelsen till skapa en sådan konstnärliga arv.</div>
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Fixerade säger väsendena mera än i rörelse. Rörelsen är temporär rörelsen forsvinner. Stillheten är evig. </div>
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Mina målningar visar inte bara fattigdomen hos en viss klass människor utan armodet i hela den moraliska existensen» </div>
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Vad han om och om igen gestaltat är alla människor lidande och inte enbart judarnas. Hans dialog med lidandets olösliga problem är allmänligt. Den speglar vår tid och den talar till alla som har modet att nalkas smärtan, som vägar se och känna. </div>
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Symcho Moszkowicz frös på många sätt i Sverige. Han betonade alltid känslolivets överhöghet över tanken . Han ville leva i miljöer där människor visade känslor och det är vi ju inte bra på. </div>
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När han fått ihop pengar reste han alltid til Paris som påminde honom om hans ungdoms Warzawa. Klimatet och rörligheten där passade honom bättre, men det var i Sverige han utvecklade sin stärka andlighet och det var här han kom att stå på höjden av sin formåga.</div>
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Sommaren 1959 reste Symcho Moszkowicz till sin syster Teresa Synrop i New York, och i slutet av året slog han sig ner i Paris for gott. Aven där fick han ställning av en profet. Han var en person man lade märke till och drogs till. Människor av alla samhällsklasser kom til hans enkla skrubb överst i ett ungkarlshotell i 24, rue Mouffetard intill Place de la Contrescarpe. Där fick man kliva över sängen för att komma in i rummet som hade en liten glugg mot himlen och bara i en minimal del av rummet kunde man stå rak, resten var snedtak. Toalett och vatten fanns ute i trappen. En naken glödlampa på sin sladd lyste upp alla hans rum, hela hans liv.</div>
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Hans parisiska aktiviteter var energiska. Han studerade franska passionerat och upptäckte den franska litteraturen. Där hittade han det han utveklat i sitt maleri sencibelt artikulerat av franska existensialister och av Kafka. Han hade en separat utställning på Galeri Les Caves som blev en kritiker och forsäljningsframgång. </div>
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D. I. Meyer talade i konststidskriften Art om «en samling mycket fina gouacher och målningar» och skrev, att Symcho Moszkowicz behandlar människor, landskap och objekt som om de vore sammansmälta med hans egne bittra och ensamma själ. För att nå det åsidosätter han avsiktligt färg intill ytterlighet och använder bara neutrala och urtvättade färger. </div>
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F Pluchart i kulturinriktade Combat beskrev Symcho Moszkowicz som en originell konstnär som inte behöver söka efter originalitet. Den är redan en del av honom. </div>
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Han skapar ett stort universum, helighetsfullt och från djupet av sig själv, men inte stängt för omvärlden. Hans värld är svar att närma sig. Män när den bara efter en lång resa. </div>
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Kritikern Pluchart såg Moszkowicz som en efterföljare til Breughel, Goya, Souting och Bugget och fortsätte; </div>
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Som de kräver han fulhetens rätt och friheten att förändra naturen till och med i människans ansikte. Men här är förändringen konstruktiv, fulheten vacker och nödvändig.</div>
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I hans starka universum lämnar människorna litet åt ödet. Deras kamp är smärtsam, men alltid segerrik. Mannen på gatan, prinsar, luffare och maktens män visar sin storhet i moralisk styrka, värdighet och stolthet. Det finns inget rum för svaghet. Allt detta presenteras på ett enkelt, poetisk språk utan en enda tom fras. </div>
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Snabbt kom Symcho Moszkowicz in i dåtidens litterära och konstnärliga kretsar, deltog i samlingutstälningar och spelade 1962 med i en allegorisk kortfilm – Huoat. </div>
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Men hans livslånga armod bröt ner hälsan. När Ingolf Kaiser träffade honom sista gången 1965 var blicken trött, och året därpå dog han i hjärtinfarkt på Cochinsjukhuset i Paris. Det var den 3 maj 1966. Då höll han enligt uppgift på att förbereda en utställing. </div>
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Hans liv i Paris blev mycket fattigt och oerhört svart trots att han där fann den känsla av tilhörighet han saknat. Men tyvärr fick han leva inte bara på svältgränsen (och ibland under) utan också i ständig ängslan från upphöllstillstånd til uppehållstillstand nåda till sin död vid 51 års alder.</div>
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Först begravdes han i svenskgraven på kyrkogården Garonne Colombe vid rue Jules Ferry, men 1969 fick han en egen grav på Bagneux kyrkogården söder om Paris. Det var ett helt liv, kort till åren, men helt. Symcho Moszkowicz var en människa som blev mycket vis innan han dog. På det sättet blev han verkligt gammal och hans liv var avslutat, summerar Ingolf Kaiser.</div>
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I samband med den skrev Jean Blot och Nadia Blokh i L’Arche bland annat: «Ansiktena som är det väsentliga på utställningen är träldomens forvandling, i livet och i slingrande linje har de inset rättigheter. Endast ögat behåller sitt oberöende och avslöjar vad det vill. Färgen talar om livet och hoppet. I kolmassan vaknar en blick, en spegel där man upptäcker martyren i vår tid i Øst Europa. Det som hans pensel avslöjar är attlägninar till Goyas personer. De är födda av samma förtvivlan, den som griper som själen när man känner förintets avmakt och att grymheten som ursprung värken har Gud eller ödet utan människan själv.»</div>
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I La Galerie des Arts skrev signaturen CB: «Moszkowicz uttrycker lidandet oföragtliga fasor (Pogromer naziläger) i en serie självporträtt och i skövlade och tomma landskap. De resignerade eller tragiska ansikterna. . . är illusjonslösa och fångande med en hyperkänslig exakthet som är nästan outhärdlig. En pessimistisk expressionism och en dokumentation av värde»</div>
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När systern kom hem til New York fick hon brev från franska kulturministeriet daterat den 11 juli 1969. Hon hade erbjudit si att avyttra några av bröderns arbeten och chefskonservatorn Jean Leymahie skrev att de på Musee National d’Art Moderne skulle vara ytterst hedrade om de kunde räkna med några arbeten av Symcho Moszkowicz, t.ex en målning och fura til sex teckningar och av de senare especielt ett av de självporträtt som visades på Parisutställningen. Men hon såg ingen möjlighet att resa tilbaka, så museet blev utan verk av honom.</div>
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Idag är han representerad i Vatikanmuseet i Rom och på ett konstmuseum i Israel. 1978 var det också en stor minneutsällning på Queens Museum i New York, men hans gamla syster är orolig. Hon vill at brodern målningar ska komma till ett museum och hon är inte ensam om tanken att det är viktigt att Symcho Moszkowicz skal kunna fortsätta att leva genom sitt arbet. </div>
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Ingen släkt finns, och risken är stor att allt skingras om något skulle hända henne. </div>
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Jag träffade Tersa Syro i New York i maj, 1987. Det var exakt tjugo år sedan Symcho Moszkowicz dött. Vi talade och talade om brodern och timmarna tillsammans ackompanjerades av hennas suckar de djupaste suckar jag hört. Bakom dem låg tanke på broderns verk som hon har hand om.</div>
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Symcho Moszkowicz öde och konstnärskap är gripande och interessant. Hans verk blev ett fragment, en torso, därför att han började sent i livet och för att ekonomin var sådan att han inte alltid hade tillgång till material och för att umbärande förburkat hans hälsa. Men han efterlämner stora och skakande bilder där vår tids grymhet och fasa fått ansikte och uttryck och der han tvingar oss at inte glömma.</div>
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Det var här i Sverige han började måla, her han utbildade seg och här han gjorde sina viktigaste saker. Därför vore det på sin plats att hans bästa arbeten komm til något svenskt museum.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Author </span></span>Karin Algrim</i></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-32537814428662322712017-02-18T13:33:00.002-08:002017-07-03T09:27:12.673-07:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Helena Sosnowska og gutten Witold. Kilde: Arbeiderbladet</span></td></tr>
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<b>Med smil og tårer hilste jødene sitt nye hjemland. 400 flyktninger gikk i land </b><b>i Norge igår</b></div>
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<i>Arbeiderbladet 1947</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">De er begeistret for vår frihet, </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">og vår høye levestandard.</span></span></div>
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I går middag gikk 399 jødiske flyktninger iland på norsk jord. Det ble en begivenhet som sent vil glemmes – ikke bare av flyktningene som nå etter års hjemløshet og lidelser igjen skal få hjem og menneskeverdighet tilbake. Like sterk var opplevelsen for de nordmennene som tok mot disse ulykkelige menneskene, som nå med smil på leppene og gråt i øynene hilste sitt nye hjemland.</div>
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Mottakelsen tok form av en enkel, gripende høytidelighet på akterdekket av «Svalbard». Først hilste direktør Sverre Pettersen fra Fange og Flytningedirektoratet velkommen til Norge. Da han sa «Norge er en rettsstat, og våre lover garanterer enhver personlig frihet, likegyldig hvilken rase eller tro han tilhører,» kunne en ikke la være å skotte bort på fangenumrene fra de tyske konsentrasjonsleirene som var svidd, eller tatovert inn i huden på armene på mer enn en av de unge jødiske flyktningene. Så talte representanter for det jødiske trossamfunnet i Norge. Til slutt tonte «Ja vi elsker» og «Hatikwa» - den jødiske nasjonalhymnen, ut over kaia. I det øyeblikket var det ikke mange tørre øyne ombord på den barske krigsmalte «Svalbard». </div>
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Turen opp fra Bremerhaven var strålende, sier matros Arne Hansen, en typisk Oslo gutt --- Sjøen var speilblank og blant passasjerene var det ikke engang antydning til kluss. Likevel var det en trist og rar tur. I hele mitt liv har jeg ikke møtt så mange tragiske menneskeskjebner. La oss nå bare håpe og tro at de vil få det godt hos oss. </div>
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Flyktningene sjøl syntes ikke å tvile på den tingen – Like til idag har jeg hatt det bildet av Norge at det var et fattig land, men med et hjertevarmt folk, sier Adam Limon. Nå vet jeg at nordmennene ikke bare har hjertelag, men også en høyere levestandard enn jeg har sett i noe annet land. </div>
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Tross sine 18 år har Adam Limon sett en del av verden. I to år arbeidet han i russiske leire helt inne ved den kinesiske grensen. Broren Sigmund er også med. Han var sakfører på hjemstedet i det østlige Polen. I et og et halvt år var vi skilt. Jeg var i Sibir. Men vi fant hverandre igjen, og nå skal vi aldri skilles mer. </div>
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Enda et medlem av familien Limon er med ombord: 9 åringen Alexander, som flytende taler fire språk, polsk, russisk, tysk og jiddisch. Nå gleder han seg til å ta fatt på å lære norsk. I Amerika finnes enda et medlem av familien, en søster, som snart vil komme til Oslo for å treffe sine søsken. </div>
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Vi taler med familien Bienstock. De har heller ingen slektninger i live i Polen. I krigens år levde de i Volga distriktet. Mannen er skredder. "Jeg har verktøyet mitt med," sier han triumferende. Nå skal jeg snart ta fatt i faget igjen. Dette er den største dagen i mitt liv. Igjen skal jeg få ta fatt." Og mor, far og barn gråter og ler om hverandre. Det samme gjør Helena Sosnowska, som engang hadde hjemmet sitt i Lodz. </div>
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Men det er ikke bare Polen disse flyktningene har forlatt. Halvparten kommer fra Ungarn. Derfra kommer familien. Landesmann, stolte besteforeldre og et ungt ektepar med en strålende guttunge på litt over året. De var i Romania på tysk tvangsarbeid under krigen. Siden bar det vestover og inn i konsentrasjonsleirene i Tyskland. De er så lykkelige over igjen å få lov til å bygge opp sitt eget hjem at vi synes at det er nødvendig å slå kaldt vann i blodet på dem. "Her er husnød," sier vi. Norge har vært okkupert i 5 år. Vi har vært i krig. </div>
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Svaret lød slik: "I 7 år har vi levd i brakker og konsentrasjonsleirer. Hva gjør det om vi skal måtte bo trangt, når vi igjen skal få leve som frie mennesker i et fritt land uten rasefordommer." </div>
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Vi går fra flyktning til flyktning, fra familie til familie. Alle forteller den samme historien om tvangsarbeid, om tvangsforflytninger hundreder av mil fra hjemlandet, om konsentransjonsleirene, om tapet av alle kjente og kjære. Igjen hører vi de beryktede navnene: Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Gunzkirchen - dødsleirene som titusener av deres trosfeller aldri forlot. </div>
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Alle er fulle av lovord for de norske sjøfolkene – fra messegutt til kaptein – Da de norske sjøguttene tok hånd om oss i Bremerhaven, følte vi oss ikke mer som displaced persons. Vi syntes vi var gjester i en stor familie. Og da folk stod ute på øyene og vinket til oss, da visste vi at vi var velkomne. Alt er så annerledes enn vi hadde forestilt oss Norge. Været, naturen, menneskene. Alt er varmt og godt. </div>
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"Det er enda en ting som må inn i Arbeiderbladet," kommer det forsiktig fra en flyktning. "Det er framfor alt de to norske UNRRA offiserene Jakobsen og Gaare som skal ha takken for at mange av oss er her idag. Jeg visste ingen ting om Norge. Men jeg tenkte at når nordmenn kan være som dem, da er vi i trygge hender i hjemlandet deres." </div>
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Vi veksler noen ord med Jakobsen og Gaare, to enkle, staute karer. "Her kommer folk som Norge vil få glede av," sier de. "Her kommer folk som har slåss mot tyskerne som partisaner i de polske skogene. Som har slitt i Sibir. Som kan sitt fag. De er sterke, de har overlevd et helvete som vi ikke kan forestille oss i våre villeste drømmer!" </div>
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Representanter for den amerikanske "Joint Distribution Committee" er også med til Norge. En smilende yankee Harold Kaplan fra New York forteller om uttaingen i den amerikanske sonen. "Til å begynne med var flyktningene skeptiske overfor tilbudet om å reise til Norge. De var redde for å bli skuffet på ny. Men da vi gjorde oss klare til å dra og folk så at det var alvor denne gangen, da var det hundreder på hundreder som ville med. Men vi kunne jo bare ta 400 – en dråpe i havet. Takk for den mottakelsen dere har gitt disse flytningene! Jeg har sett en total forandring på få dager. I leirene var de motløse. I dag er de fylt av håp og tro! </div>
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Så gikk turen til Ystehede. De gamle barakkene og heimen som steinhoggerne i Østfold engang bodde i, tar flyktningene nå over. En del må dessverre også til forlegningen på Mysen. Det er så visst ingen luksus som møter våre gjester. Men de smiler og sier at de ikke har bodd så godt på 7 lange år. Og på grasvollen stuper ungene kråke alt.</div>
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Akkurat for to år siden kom de norske flyktningene hjem fra de tyske leirene. De kom hjem i samme varme mai sola etter å ha gått gjennom noe av det samme som de jødiske flyktningene opplevde i forstørret målestokk. Våre slapp ut to år før dem og de kunne vende hjem til venner og fedreland. La oss håpe at de jødiske flyktningene vil bli møtt med den samme hjertevarmen. Uforstand og dumhet må aldri få knekke den lyse troen på vårt folk som vi møtte der ned ved Idefjorden igår.</div>
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Den komiteen som har vært i Tyskland og tatt ut de jødiske flyktningene som kom til Halden med «Svalbard» lørdag kveld kom hjem igår. Vi vekslet nede på Østbanen noen ord med Landsorganisasjonens sekretær Elias Volan. Han fortalte at komiteen hadde vært i Frankfurt am Main, Heidelberg, Marburg og Allendorf. Det var i Allendorf flyktningene ble samlet i en stor leir og der ble da de som skulle til Norge tatt ut. Fra den amerikanske sonen kommer 348 menn, kvinner og barn og fra den engelske sonen 51.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Formann for den «legale» <br />Landsorganisasjonen i Norge, <br />Elias Volan 1884 - 1974 </td></tr>
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Ved uttagingen måtte en i første rekke følge de listene som var satt opp med omsyn til fagutdannelse, men det ble også tatt humanitære hensyn. 90 prosent av dem som er kommet hit er vanlige arbeidere. Der er syersker, skreddere, jernarbeidere, tekstilarbeidere, skomakere, pelsarbeidere og folk fra ymse andre fag. Vel 70 voksne personer er ugifte, om lag 60 er barn og resten er gifte folk. De som er kommet er bra folk, sier han.</div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Allerede i 1933 konkluderte overlege Johan Scharffenberg (1869-1965) med at Hitler var sinnssyk. Hans artikkelserie ble synonymt med Arbeiderbladets skepsis mot nazismen.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hans såkalte «Hitler-serie» ble trykket over tre måneder i Arbeiderbladet høsten 1933. Johan Scharffenberg var ikke bare psykiater, men også kriminolog og samfunnsforsker.</span></i></div>
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GARMISCH PARTENKIRCHEN<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> FORBYR J</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">DER ADGANG</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Til de internasjonale regler for de olympiske leker hører at sportsmenn skal behandles ens, uansett rase. Men tror noen at jødiske sportsmenn i Tyskland nu får trene på like fot med de ariske? Vil de overhodet få adgang til deltagelse i Olympiaden i Berlin?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Som bekjent er konkurransen for vintersport henlagt til Garnisch Partenkirchen, men der rår helt forbud mot besøk av jøder. Jeg citerer den offisielle utgaven av James G. McDonalds (Letter of resignation) til Folkeforbundet her opplyses det (s.19) om boikotten av jødene bl.a.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Most of the German seaside and other holiday resorts and spas, such as Bad Duerkheim, Misdroy, Arendsee, Svinemuende, Neustrelits, Luchen Hernigsdorf, Norderney, Bobum Sylt, Garmish Partenkirch (the proposed site for Olympic winter sports constest) to mention only the best known, exclude Jews).</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Parentesen ved Garmisch Partenkirchens navn er sperret i originalen. Dette olympiske møtested forbyr jøder adgang – kan det virkelig være tilstrekkelig om det nu fra nazihold forskes at forbudet ikke gjelder utenlandske jøder?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Det er en krenkelse av en grunnregel for de olympiske lekene å henlegge vinterstevnet til et sted som prinsipielt forbyr jøder adgang og de norske sportsfolk som reiser til Garmisch Partenkrichen skal vite at de gjør sig medskyldig i denne krenkelsen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: center;">Ø</span>nsker de virkelig å la sig hylde av Hitler, Schleicher & Co, slik som frøken Sonja Henie nylig smilende mottok "førerens" komplimenter og blomster?</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Johan Scharffenberg</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Johan Scharfenberg var en norsk psykiater</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">. Han var dessuten kriminolog</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, samfunnsforsker</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> og forfatter.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Scharffenberg forfattet flere fagbøker og en lang rekke tidsskriftartikler i perioden 1898–1958. Han deltok i samfunnsdebatten om et stort antall temaer i sin levetid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Scharffenberg var lege ved Botsfengselet i Oslo fra 1919 til 40, og ved Oslo Hospitals asyl i perioden 1922–41. Han var sakkyndig i hundrevis av rettssaker gjennom mer enn en mannsalder. Scharffenberg var agnostiker og republikaner, og langt mer opptatt av enkeltsaker enn partipolitikk.</span></div>
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Han var en av de første i Norge som advarte mot nazismen. I en kronikkserie på hele 29 kronikker i Arbeiderbladet i 1933 om Tyskland diagnostiserte han Adolf Hitler som «paranoid psykopat, profet på grensen til sinnssykdom». Sammen med Hambro og Mowinckel var han blant de få som hadde et sterkt engasjement for jødenes vilkår i Tyskland, og Scharffenberg foreslo i 1936 å ta i mot 5000 jødiske flyktninger, forslaget ble ikke tatt alvorlig.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Under annen verdenskrig ble Scharffenberg ilagt tale- og skriveforbud av den tyske okkupasjonsmakten på grunn av sin aktive motstand mot nasjonalsosialismen i 1940. Året etter ble han avsatt fra sin stilling som overlege ved Oslo Hospital.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-57524063210743048462017-02-11T10:51:00.000-08:002017-07-08T14:19:14.989-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">15 juni, 1935</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Jag jøden är, som ej har fosterland</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Och ej har hem, förhatad allestades</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Som spott och spe välkomna vid var strand,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Dit jag vid sorgens hand i landsflykt ledes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Men dag skal gry da allting värder nytt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Och fjälen bort fran alla ogon falla</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Da hatets järn till hjärtets guld sig bytt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Och syskonedjan skal omfatta alla</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">V. Tydberg</span></div>
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Siden middelalderen er det vel få sagnfigurer som har vært så populære som Den evige jøde. Hans eventyrlige skjebne er behandlet bl.a i bretonske, franske, engelske og spanske viser. Ja, endog en rekke avhandlinger og filosofiske tankedikt er blitt viet denne merkelige skikkelse.</div>
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I den nyere tid er det også mange forfattere som her har funnet rikt stoff å øse av. Goethe behandlet således i sin ungdom Ahasverus i et dikt: dette blev dog ikke fulført, da han i Faust fant den skikkelse som bedre kunde uttrykke hans tanker. Robert Hamerling har filosofert over hans ophold i Rom. Eugene Sue har omdiktet hans oplevelser til en spennende roman, Scribe og Saint. Georges har benyttet ham i et operastykke, som F. Halevy har satt musikk til. Hostrup har innført ham som en halvt komisk figur i en av sine student komedier. Det kunde ennu nevnes en mengde navn, Berauger og E. Quinet, P. Dupont og E. Grenier, Longfellow, Paludan-Müller, H.C. Andersen, Strindberg, Viktor Rydberg, osv.</div>
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Det tankeinnhold som knytter sig til Ahasverus er usedvanlig rikt og omfattende. I individuell form gjengir hans livshistorie det hebraiske vandringsfolks merkelige skjebne. Men han kan også symbolisere hele menneskeslektens urolige og rastløse liv, den evige kamp og strid. </div>
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De eldste oplysninger vi har om denne sagnfigur skriver sig fra 1200 hundretallet og finnes i en beretning som er blitt nedskrevet på latin av Roger av Wendower i hans bok "Flores Historiarum". Herfra er den optatt i Matthæeus Parisiensis store krønike, "Historia major" (1250) og siden med forandringer og tildikting i Philippe Moushets rimkrønike.</div>
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I flere hundre år lå Roger av Wendowers beretning gjemt og glemt bak manuskriptenes tykke lærbind, det var få og ingen som interesserte sig for hvad det stod å lese på de guldnede permament blad. Først i renessansetiden, da lærde og driftige boktykkere begynte å trykke opp middelalderens krøniker dukket beretningen om Den evige jøde atter frem i lyset, og den kom til å danne grunnlaget for en folkebok, som blev utbredt over store deler av Nord-Europa. Det er denne folkebok som har gjort Den evige jødes skikkelse populær i den nyere tid, og den skal derfor bli viet en nærmere omtale. </div>
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I begynnelsen av det 17de århundre (1602) utkom i Tyskland et flyveskrift som vakte stor opsikt. I dette skrift møter vi jøden Ahasverus som blev dømt av Jesus til å vandre om på jorden til dommens dag. </div>
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Da Jesus blev ført til Golgatha for å korsfestes, segnet han under sin byrde, og stanset utenfor Ahasverus hus for å hvile sig. Ahasverus jaget ham vekk og sa at han skulde pakke sig dit han hørte hjemme. Da svarte Jesus: "Jeg skal stå her og hvile, men du skal gå til den ytterste dag". Ahaverus fulgte siden med folkemassen til Golgatha og overvar korsfestelsen. Men efterpå var det umulig for ham å vende tilbake til Jerusalem, han blev som tvunget ut på vandring av en usynlig ånd.</div>
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Mange år efter da han vendte tilbake, var byen herjet og brent. Da gav han sig atter ut på vandring og hans ferd gikk fra land til land. År og århundreder svinner, men jøden vandrer fremdeles. I Hamburg og Wien er det således flere som har sett ham, andre beretter at han har dukket op i Madrid og Moskva. Ingen steder slår han sig til ro, men forsvinner like hastig som han er kommet.</div>
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Det tyske folkeskrift blev oversatt til en rekke sprog, først til fransk (1643). Fra det 18de århundre finnes likeledes en hollandsk oversettelse, og i det 19 de århundre blev den utgitt på italiensk.</div>
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Av den franske oversettelse finnes ennu flere utgaver som nu er store sjeldenheter. På det kgl. bibilotek i Kjøbenhavn finnes således en utgave fra 1631 som bærer følgende, omstendelige tittel: </div>
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"Sandru Beskriffuelse Om en Jøde som vaar Fød oc Baaren til Jerusalem ved Naffn Ahaswerus Hvilcken Personligen haffuer været nærverendis tilstede da Christus er bleffuen Kaarsfest oc indtil denne tid udaff den Almectigste Gud ved Liffuet er Bleffuen oppeholden. Nu nyligen fordansket. Prentet i Kiøbenhaffn Aar MDCXXXI." </div>
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Som alledere nevnt vakte den tyske folkebok ved sin fremkomst betydelig opsikt. Den gav en gammel sagnfigur, en ny skikkelse, og gjennem den blev kjennskapet til Den evige jøde spredt viden om. En ny vekstperiode i sagnets historie begynte. Høie og lave, læge og lærde interesserte sig for ham. I løpet av det 17. og 18 århundre blev han gjenstand for stadige diskusjoner. Man drøftet snart i fullt alvor og med utfoldelse av stor lærdom, snart i en mer uakademisk og spøkefull tone, spørsmålet om hvor megen tiltro man kunde skjenke de forskjellige beretninger om Den evige jøde. Ved Kjøbenhavns universitet disputerte således en C. Kildgaard i 1733 om "Fabelen om Den udødelige jøde" og lignende disputaser fant sted ved mange universiteter. </div>
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Efter som tiden gikk, vokste beretningen om Den evige jøde. Den oprinnelige fortelling om ham blev utvidet på mange måter, og særlig ved tilføielser av beretninger om hans tilsynekomst, snart i en by, snart i en annen. Alle disse beretninger ligner hverandre i høi grad og å gjennemgå dem vilde bli for trettende. Vi skal derfor bare nevne noen i all korthet. I året 1604 møtte to franske adelsmenn ham på deres reise til Henrik IVs hoff i Paris. Noen år senere så den rettlærde Louvet ham i Beauvais, hvor han fortalte frelserens lidelseshistorie til en barneflokk. I 1613 var han i Moskva, 1633 i Hamburg, 1640 møtte to borgere ham i skogen ved Soignies, 1642 blev han sett i Leipzig, osv. </div>
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Det finnes også flere beretninger om bedragere og fantaster som har utgitt sig for å være Den evige jøde. Iført gamle og fillette klær stod de frem i byene og på landet og preket over Kristi lideseshistorie, fortalte sine merkelige oplevelser og forkynte verdens nære undergang. I høieste grad komisk er fortellingen om en bedrager som optrådte i Holland i 1623. Hans drakt betegnes nærmest som tyrkisk, han var skallet, hadde langt skjegg, og holdt i hånden en pilgrimsstav som det var festet en flaske til. En dag kom han til Ypern, hvor portvakten på fransk spurte ham om hans navn og hensikten med hans reise. Da han ikke svarte noe, blev det samme spørsmål stilt til ham på spansk og da svarte han: "Jeg er Den evige jøde". Soldaten som het Breyne, blev forbauset over dette svar, og førte ham straks til dommerne, van de Castelle, som underkastet ham et forhør på spansk. Den fremmede fortalte nu den velkjente fortelling om sitt møte med Kristus og bad om lov til å gå rundt i byen og tigge, som han hadde gjort andre steder. Han fikk tillatelse til dette og samlet inn mange rike gaver. Erkebiskopen bad ham til sig og lot ham spise ved sitt bord. Under måltidet uttrykte han sig med stor ferdighet på italiensk, latin, spansk, fransk ,engelsk og flere andre sprog men flamsk forstod han ikke, da han aldri før hadde vært i Flandern. </div>
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Den følgende dag blev han innbudt av en italiensk kaptein. Denne kaptein hadde en gammel soldat som tjener hos sig, og han kunde fortelle at den hemmelighetsfulle gjest sikkert ikke var noen annen enn en soldat ved navn Leopold Delporte, en tidligere bekjent av ham. De hadde tjent sammen i Spania i et regiment som nu lå i Gent. Kapteinen skrev straks til obersten for det angitte regiment og bad om nærmere oplysninger. I mellemtiden var "jøden" trådt i forhold til vertens datter Christien Verschuere, som han hadde gitt forskjellige gaver og lovt ekteskap. Han fortalte henne at han alltid hadde vært gift og at hans kone nr. 123 var død for noen måneder siden. Hans tidligere koner hadde alltid fulgt ham på hans reiser både til lands og til vanns, de hadde alltid hatt penger og behøvde aldri å sørge for noe. Christine var villig til å gifte sig med ham. </div>
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En dag da den fremmede hadde spassert til en nærliggende by, kom en ung kone til Ypern. Hun spurte efter Den evige jøde, og det blev vist til det herberget hvor han bodde. Her fortalte hun vertinnen at hun var jødens hustru for Gud og mennesker, og at hun var blitt gift med ham for tre måneder siden. Da han kom tilbake om kvelden tok hun ham med følgende ord: "Nu kjære mann, når akter du å komme hjem? I to måneder har jeg måttet flakke rundt uten penger fordi du løp fra mig" – Den fremmede vilde ikke kjennes ved henne, hun klaget derfor til dommeren og fortalte ham at den formentlige jøde het Pol Delporte. Dommeren stevnet henne til å møte for rådsherrene den næste dag, og imens innløp det et brev fra regimentschefen i Gent som bekreftet at den fremmede eventyrer var en desertert soldat. </div>
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Farsen fikk dessverre en tragisk utgang: En krigsrett trådte sammen, det blev konstatert at "Den evige jøde" het Pol Delporte og at han tre år i forveien hadde desertert fra et Wallonsk regiment. Han blev dømt til galgen og dommen blev fullbyrdet i hans tidligere regimentsby. </div>
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Et guttebarn som var følgen av hans forhold til Christien Verschuere, fikk navnet Leopold. Han blev senere kjent under navnet Pol Joodts og fra ham nedstammer familien Joodts i Ypern. </div>
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I de såkalte "gateaviser" blev Den evige jødes historie et taknemlig emne. Det blev diktet og sunget viser om ham i Frankrike og England, Belgia og Danmark. Den danske vise, som også blev meget populær her i Norge, skriver sig antagelig fra det 18. århundrede. Visen er senere blitt optrykt adskillige ganger, og har bevart sin popularitet like ned til våre dager. Det er således ikke lenge siden den blev sunget i Radio, til en av våre gamle vakre, religiøse folkemelodier. </div>
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Da den vise, som er en poetisk omskriving av hovedinnholdet i den gamle folkeboks beretning, er på hele 14 vers, vil det ta for stor plass å citere alle her. Som en prøve skal vi bare ta et par: </div>
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En skomager har jeg været, Boed i Jerusalem, </div>
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Christus haver jeg vanæret, </div>
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Var rett en bespotter slem </div>
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Jeg ei Medynk spørge lod, Over det uskyldig Blod </div>
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Derfor må jeg nu omvandre, mig til Straff, </div>
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til Speil for andre </div>
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Jeg har udi Norges Rige maattet taale Frost og Kuld </div>
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Over høie Bjerge stige, Angest bange, Sorrig fuld </div>
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Sverriges Rige jeg også dette Aar beskue må </div>
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I Stockholm, Hovedstaden, Er jeg seet af fleer på Gaden </div>
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I det følgende skal nevnes noen av de overtroiske meninger som i den nyere tid er blitt knyttet til Den evige jøde, eller Jerusalems skomaker, som han i almindelighet kalles i Skandianvia. </div>
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I Frankrike tror bøndene flere steder (Bretagne, Picardie) at han føres av vinden fra det ene land til det annet. Han viser sig derfor bare under sterkt uvær. Når stormen uler og regnet strømmer ned fra himmelen, korser bøndene sig og sier: "Det er Den evige jøde som drar forbi" (cest le Juif – Erraut qui passe). </div>
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For øvrig understrekes meget sterkt i fransk folketro det hovedmoment i sagnet at jøden er udødelig, og det fortelles merkelige eksempler på hvordan han uskadt går gjennem det sterkeste kuleregnet. </div>
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Det er dog særlig i Danmark at hans sagnhistorie har utfoldet sig i frodig vekst. I Vest Jylland forteller man at han bruker hundre år til å vandre rundt i verden. Under hans sko er det dannet et kors av søm og når man ser dette merket på veien, vet man at Jerusalems skomager har vandret der. Andre steder tilføies det at han har lov til å hvile sig en gang om året, nemlig den hellige julenatt, for da er det fred på jorden. Finner han så en plog ute på marken, setter han sig på den, men efter en slik plog som han har sittet på, vokser det bare ukrutt og intet korn. Derfor må ingen plog stå ute på marken julenatt. Alt han rører ved blir forbannet som han selv, og over alt fører han forbannelsen med sig. Noen forteller at han er begynt å søke inn i kirkene under gudstjenesten, det skal imidlertid bare være av nysgjerrighet, for han tror jo ikke på det som blir forkynt der. Om hans yder forteller en av dem som har sett ham, at han på grunn av alderen er skrumpet inn, slik at han ikke er større enn en sort høne, og at det gror mose på klærne hans. </div>
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For øvrig eksisterer det forskjellige mer og mindre utførlige beretninger om hans besøk i vårt land. I en bygd i Telemark fortalte således en gammel kone for noen år siden følgende historie: </div>
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"Med eg var ein liten jentonge, var eg eingong med mor til Nedigard Strand. Da kom det ein honngammal mann rekande til gards. Han såg ut som han var fønnen, og mosagrodd både i skjegg og hår. Eit knytte som han bar yver øksli, slengde han fra seg ute i svali. Me ongane ut og skulde sjå kva det var, men me fekk ikkje stort attfor bryet, for det var ikkje anna enn eldgamle skolester. Gamlingen lika nok ikje at me rørte tingane hans, han kom farande ut som eit uver treiv knyttet sitt og strauk av garden. Men eg hugsar at hu Guri Nedigard sa, at det var nok ingen annan enn Jerusalems skomaker". </div>
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Som en kuriositet kan nevnes en notis som finnes i en mormonavis "Desert News" for 23 sept 1868. Her fortelles at Ahasverus nylig har besøkt en forpakter O'Grady i mormonstaten. Som takk for gjestfri mottagelse hadde han forært sin gjest en foliant innbundet i svinelar som inneholdt et utdrag av Talmud og samtid et skriflig bevis for at han virkelig var Den evige jøde.</div>
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Som tidligere nevnt er Den evig jøde blit opfattet som et symbol på jødefolkets tragiske skjebne man har i hans skikkelse sett virlkeliggjørelse av forbannelse i Femte Mosebok (kap 28:64): "Og Herren skal adsprede dig blandt alle folk fra den ene ende av jorden til den annen osv." </div>
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Man må dog huske at en sådan symbolsk opfatning er meget tilsiktet opfatning den er først opstått i sen tid og er absolutt fremmed for sagnet i dets eldste form. Skulde det oprinnelig ligge noen som helst lære i fortelligen måtte det være den at et liv forleget ut over dets naturlige grense nødvendigvis må være en ulykke. Ut fra denne opfatning har den tyske romantiker Schubart behandlet sagnet: et dikt. </div>
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Har lar Ahasverus bo på Karmelberget i en skummel hule, utenfor er det opdynget hjerneskaller av alle dem han har kjent og elsket. I vilt raseri slynger han sin fars, sine hustruers, sine barns hjerneskaller nedover berget. De faller fra sten til sten og knuses "I har kunnet dø, I har kunnet tilintetgjøes", roper han "men jeg ulykkelig må stadig leve på mig hviler stadig den forferdelige dom!". </div>
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De fleste mennesker klager over livets korthet. Den evige jødes skjebne er så uendelig tragisk fordi han aldri kan få dø.</div>
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Skrevet av P.O, 1935</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank"><i>Scandinavian Jewish Forum</i></a></span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-3206934938878219162017-02-01T11:20:00.000-08:002017-02-01T12:06:11.552-08:00<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1888 - 1959)</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">IGNAZ NEUMARK </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">TAR AVSKJED MED KRISTIANIA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Dagbladet 1922</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ved en beneficekonsert til ære for den populære konsertmester.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mandag skal den populære dirigent Ignaz Neumark ta avskjed med Kristiania musikkpublikum ved en konsert i Filharmoniske selskap. Som en erkjentlighet for hans iherdige og fruktbringende arbeid for aa heve musikklivet i Kristiania, vil hele inntekten tilfalle hr. Neumark.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ignaz Neumark har nu i snart fem aar vært en av forgrunnsfigurene innen byens musikkverden. Ved krigsutbruddet befant han sig i Berlin og som saa mange hundre andre russere og polakker maatte han over hals og hode flykte ut av landet. Han var saa heldig aa komme med dets siste tog over den danske grense. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Da han kom frem til Kjøbenhavn var verdenskrigen allerede brutt ut. Hans stilling var ikke nettopp misundelsesverdig. Uten eksistensmidler, uten venner og uten aa kunne et ord dansk stod den 25 aarige musiker i Kjøbenhavn som landflyktig. Men Neumark tapte ikke fatningen. Allerede næste dag innfant han sig i et av de store musikkforlag og bad om aa faa noget aa gjøre. Tilfeldigvis befant der sig samtidig en kabaretdirektør i forlaget og da han hørte hvad det gjaldt, tilbød han den unge polske musiker paa stedet et engagement som kabaretakkompagnatør. Neumark mottok tilbudet med glede, for leve maatte han jo, det var for øieblikket ikke meget aa velge mellem.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ja det var en merklig og beveget tid – sier hr. Neumark under en samtale vi hadde med ham igaar i anledning hans benefice konsert – jeg slet meget ondt, blev kafemusiker, spilte paa den ene kneipe efter den annen, men tok gudskjelov det hele med godt humør og nu er jeg virkelig stolt over aa ha gjennemlevet den motgangstiden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Til Norge kom jeg paa en næsten eventyrlig maate. Uten aa ha en eneste bekjent heroppe reiste jeg paa maafaa til Kristiania efter i 1917 aa ha gitt min egen selvstendige konsert i Kjøbenhavn. Saa optraadte jeg som gjest i Musikkforeningen og mottok i 1918 stilingen som foreningens dirigent. Da Filharmoniske Selskap blev grundet, mottok jeg stilling som dirigent der og ledet alle orkesterets prøver i de fire første ukene før sesongen begynte,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I løpet av de to sesonger jeg var knyttet til Filharmoniske, dirigerte jeg ca 120 konserter. Dessuten akkompagnerte jeg ved en hel rekke solistkonserter og var gjentagne ganger gestedirigent i Bergen. Det kan være at det var litt anstrengende men er det ikke nettopp arbeidet som er det morsomste her i livet?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hvordan har De likt Dem her i Norge?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Storartet. Jeg er efterhaanden blitt helt innforlivet i byens musikkliv og har heldigvis opnaad den største anerkjennelse fra publikums side og – for den overveiende del – ogsaa fra kritikkens side.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Vi kommer inn paa spørsmaalet om hvad det kreves for aa bli en dyktig dirigent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jeg har inntrykk av, sier hr. Neumark, at det brede publikum egentlig ikke helt ut forstaar hvor dirigentens kall og opgave stikker. Man har ikke helt paa det rene hvordan resultatet blir til. Det kommer vel av at dirigentens dyktighet best manifesterer sig under prøvene. Og det er egentlig en ulykke at saa mange musikere velger dirigentløpebanen som er saa meget vanskeligere og mer komplisert enn de fleste aner. Det er en lang og slitsom vei og efter min opfatning maa man helst være født til dirigent og dessuten arbeide kollosalt meget for aa opnaa de resultater man tilsikter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Og nu skal De altsaa forlate Kristiania for godt?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ihvertfall foreløbig Jeg har lenge folt trang til aa faa mig en liten luftetur det er jo snart 8 aar siden jeg var utenfor Skandinavien. I sommer var jeg riktignok en liten tur ute men det blev bare en sviptur. Jeg dirigerte blandt annet Filharmoniske orkester i Libau i Lettland og gjestet senere i Munchen, Wien og Berlin. Senere gav jeg en rekke konserter i min fødeby Warschawa. I januar var jeg gjest i Bergen – og mandag tar jeg i ethvert fall for en tid farvel med mine venner i Kristiania. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Konserten? Den er ikke saa meget aa si om Det blir først og fremst den siste og eneste anledning byens musikkpublikum faar til aa høre mig dirigere for like efter konserten reise jeg til Berlin og Warschawa hvor jeg er engagert til aa lede en hel rekke konserter. Jeg har ogsaa mottatt et meget ærefullt tilbud om i sommer aa dirigere de bekjente konserter i Scheveningen i Holland et tilbud som jeg selvfølgelig med glede har mottatt. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Men det var altsaa programmet vi talte om! Først skal orkesteret spille Tschaikowskys symfoni som var det forste musikkverk jeg dirigerte i Kristiania. Saa skal konsertmester Kolberg spille i Mendelsohns sonaten og fru Grete Schou synge et par av Alnæs’ nyeste sangkomposisjoner og tilslutt skal jeg dirigere den populære Tannhauser ouvertyre som er et av det store publikums yndlingsnummere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kan De tilslutt si nogen smukke ord of musikklivet i Kristiania?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Med fornøilelse! Jeg tror jeg kjenner bedre til muiskklivet her enn de fleste andre kunstnere som er kommet hit senere. Det har vært mig en stor glede aa se hvordan filharmoniske konserter er blitt en nødvendighet for det store publikum. Jeg kan ikke lenger tenke mig at Kristiania kunde eksistere uten Filharmoniske.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: large;">Filharmonisk Selskap ble stiftet i februar 1919. </span></i><i></i><br />
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<i><i><span style="font-size: large;">I løpet av våren hadde det vært stor diskusjon i pressen om hvem som skulle få æren av å være orkesterets første dirigent. Skulle man prioritere norske kandidater, eller skulle man velge en utenlandsk dirigent som kanskje var dyktigere, men som ikke ville ha det samme forholdet til og ønsket om å ivareta norsk musikk? Pressen selv foreslo at stillingen skulle deles, og det endelige resultat ble tre kapellmestre: Johan Halvorsen, Georg Schneevoigt og polske Ignaz Neumark.</span></i></i></div>
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<i>Neumark kom til Oslo i 1917. Her dirigerte han fra samme år konserter med Nationaltheatrets orkester og med Musikforeningenss orkester, blant annet med Cally Monrad som solist i sanger av Edvard Grieg. Deretter ble Neumark engasjert som fast dirigent for Oslo-Filharmonien (daværende Filharmonisk Selskaps Orkester), en stilling han hadde fra orkesteret ble etablert i 1919 til 1922. </i></div>
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<i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></div>
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<b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Intervju med Moritz Rabinowitz</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hvor der er 4-5000 utstillere og omsætningen gaar op i millarder. Norske forretnignsmænd vises stor opmerksomhet – Hvorledes Sovjet Rusland arrangerer en utstiling.</span></div>
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Kjøbmand Rabinowitz som netop er hjemkommet fra et besøk paa messen fortæller til Avisen.</div>
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En av Avisen’s medarbeidere traf igaar kjøbmand Rabinowitz som netop er kommet hjem fra en tur til Tyskland hvor han har besokt Leipziger messen. Vor medarbeider bad ham fortælle om reisen og sine indtryk fra den store internasjonale varemesse hvilket hr. Rabinowitz elskværdigst gjorde.</div>
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Det var graat og regnfuldt veir da jeg den 19. august forlot Haugesund men det klarnet op under reisen og De kan derfor tænke Dem at jeg fik det allergunstigste første-indtryk av Tyskland dennegang – møtt som jeg blev av sommer og solskin og et sandt paradis av blomster og farver. Det fortalte saamen ikke meget om den elendighet og de vanskeligheter som vi dagstøt hører om fra Tyskland. </div>
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Alt der ute ved kysten og langs Elbens munding var vakkert og fredfuldt og bar ikke spor av trængselskaar. Badestederne var for det meste forlatt av gjesterne men var nu befolket med ungdom som gratis moret sig i sandhaugerne. For en tilskuer saa som sagt alt utenfor ut til at være i den skjønneste orden men kom man indenfor i hjemmene var det nok anderledes. Der møter man baade sorgen og elendigheten efter krigen.</div>
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End det tyske arbeidsliv og den tyske industri – hvilket indtryk fik De herav?</div>
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Ja, jeg besøkte Hamburg paa gjennemreisen og her er det nok slut med idyllen. Der er et væld av røk og en ramling og hamring fra fabrikker og verksteder og en travelhet som aldrig før og det gir os et lite indblik i den intense kamp for tilværelsen som det tyske folk nu fører. Der er tusener og atter tusener av flittige hænder i arbeide for at gjenoprette det krigen har ødelagt og indhente det som er forsømt. </div>
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Særlig merker man det paa skibsverfterne hvor der med fuld kraft arbeides paa at gjenreise Tysklands handelsflaate. Hvad der for tiden præsteres paa et verft som f.eks Voss & Blom kan man her vanskelig gjøre sig begreper om. En sakkyndig paa omraadet fortalte mig at man allerede nu av fartøier paa optil 3-4000 ton har like mange som før krigen. Og nu er turen kommet til de store dampere av hvilke der er flere under bygning. Dette og meget andet vidner om at nasjonen er paa god vei til at gjenreise det ødelagte. </div>
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Og rygterne om statsbankerot?</div>
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Skal man dømme efter de uttalelser og de indtryk jeg nu fik dernede saa har rygterne absolut intet med virkeligheten at bestille. Forøvrig er det min mening at naar en nasjon er saa flittig og arbeidssom som den tyske, saa kan den ikke gaa fallit.</div>
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Merket De noget til den strænge toldvisitasjon som utlændingerne har beklaget sig saa sterkt over i det sidste?</div>
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Nei, jeg for min del blev overmaate elskværdig behandlet av toldmyndigheterne og de la mig ingen som helst hindringer iveien.</div>
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De var i Hamburg under den oversjøiske uke?</div>
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Ja og jeg skal si Dem at dem gav et ganske stortilet bevis for at Tysklands eksportindustri allerede nu har naadd meget langt. Hamburg er forøvrig en ret interessant by i disse tider fordi det kanskje er der man merker utviklingen sterkest. </div>
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Ogsa paa det kulturelle omraade har Hamburg et forsprang fremfor de fleste andre tyske byer og der er mange interessante foreteelser at lægge merke til – ting som bærer bud om det nye Tyskland som er ifærd med at skapes. En student fortalte mig saaledes at der nylig i Hamburg er dannet en række ungdomsforeninger som har til formaal at hjælpe ungdommen til utdannelse, at drive sport og fremelske gode seder. Disse foreninger tæller mange tusen medlemmer og bevægelsen blir omfattet med en interesse som en vækkelse. Man forstaar saaledes at tiltrods for at krigens demoraliserende virkning endnu spores sterkt saa er der dog mange lyspunkter.</div>
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Og Deres besøk paa Leipziger messen?</div>
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Var interessant – overmaate interessant. Jeg var forøvrig den eneste forretningsmand fra Haugesund som var der – ellers var der mange norske forretningsmænd som var kommet for at kjøpe, ialt en 60-70. Derimot var der ingen norske utstillere. De norske forretningsmænd var velset alle steder og nøt stor tillid. Messens styre arrangerte saaledes en te for de norske og herunder uttalte formanden sig meget rosende om Norge. </div>
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Man må også si til Leipzigs ros at byen forstår sin opgave som messeby og gjør det overordentlig hyggelig for den store strøm av fremmede som kommer til byen under messen. Hele byen stod i messens tegn og alle offentlige bygninger var lagt beslag paa, til og med universitetet. Iaar omfattet mæssen ialt 4-5000 utstillere og der var en sand flom av varer av nær sagt allt mellem himmel og jord. Mest fremtrædende var kanskje den tekniske avdeling som frembød en enestaaende samling kunstarbeider og en masse nye opfindelser.</div>
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Hvilket indtryk fik De av omsætningen?</div>
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Den var meget livlig, men der var dog et uhelf som virket adskillig hindrende da marken pludselig faldt saa voldsomt midt under messen. Det bevirket med det samme omtrent panik idet sælgerne pludselig selv av indenlandske kjøpere forlangte utenlandsk valuta eller guld. Kjøperne sammenkaldte imidlidertid et møte og nægtet dette. Trods dette og lignende vanskeligheter ble der dog under messen solgt for millarder og særlig til utenlandske kjøpere.</div>
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Var der nogen av de utenlandske utstillere som gjorde sig særlig bemerket?</div>
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Ja - Rusland. Ved siden av den tekniske avdeling vaiet en vældig rød fane og her hadde den russiske paviljongen sin plads Utstillingen var arrangeret av Centrosojus.</div>
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Og hvad syntes De om den?</div>
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Skal jeg si min mening saa lignet den mere et museum end en vareutstilling. Det første man fik øie paa var en række grafiske tabeller med russisk tekst som skulde fortælle om Ruslands økonomiske opsving siden revolusjonen. I et andet hjørne var plasert en mængde russisk økonomisk literatur over hvilken der hang en svær plakat som paa russisk fortalte at bøkene ikke var tilsalgs – hvilet selvfølgelig var overflødig at gjøre opmerksom paa. </div>
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Av varer var der et ganske stort utvalg i pelsverk bearbeidet og ubearbeidet, likeledes var der medicinske urter samt endel husflidsarbeide og prøver paa mineraler. Men de indstriprodukter som Rusland pleiet at utstille før revolusjonen saaes ikke – hverken textil jern og staal gummi eller den før krigen betydelig metallurgiske industri var repræsenteret. </div>
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Det nyttet saaledes lite med tabellerne naar faktum fortalte noget andet. Nei slik gaar det, fortsætter hr. Rabinowitz, naar troen paa det enkelte individs initiative og foretagsomhet forlates. Da rammes landets livsnerver, fordi den enkelte efter min mening er drivfjæren som sætter massen i bevægelse. Saalænge dette princip ikke anerkjendes, saalænge vil Rusland, dette av naturen saa rikt utstyrte land, aldrig komme paa fote igjen. </div>
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Betydningen av den enkeltes indsats har man et glimrende bevis paa i Tyskland nu i Hugo Stinnes. Hva han har utrettet, hvad han har sat i bevægelse, formaar ikke en stat at gjøre ham efter. Og man er ogsaa nu vidne til at de allierte indlater sig i direkte forhandlinger med denne enkeltperson.</div>
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Hr. Rabinowitz fortalte tilslut at det trods de store prisstigninger i det sidste er meget billig at opholde sig i Tyskland. Og særlig er det billig at reise. En jernbanereise Hamburg Berlin paa 2. klasse koster saaledes ikke mer end 260 mark eller det koster med andre ord ikke mer end 40 pfenning pr. km at reise paa 2 klasse paa de tyske jernbaner. Og hvormeget det blir i norske penger kan enhver selv regne ut.</div>
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Moritz Moses Rabinowitz (født 20. september 1887 i Rajgrod i Podlasie voivodskap i Polen, død 27. februar 1942 i Sachsenhausen) var en norsk forretningsmann bosatt i Haugesund. </div>
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Han var en av de første norske jødene som ble arrestert etter okkupasjon. Han ble etterlyst 10. april 1940 og arrestert 4. desember 1940, og deportert til Sachsenhausen der han døde.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Scene fra innspillingen av <br />"<i style="text-align: start;">Det drønner gjennom dalen"</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Det drønner gjennom dalen er en norsk film fra 1937 som ble regissert av Olav Dalgard, og produsert for LO. Det drønner gjennom dalen er den andre i en «arbeider-trilogi». De to andre er Lenkene brytes (1938) og Gryr i Norden (1939).</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Et spennende tidsbilde fra 1931 - arbeidsløshetens og elendighetens år i skogsbygdene i Norge. Filmen er viktig både som filmhistorie og samfunnsskildring. Vi får et innblikk i arbeidsforhold og klassemotsetninger mellom tømmerfløtere og skogseiere</span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">.</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>“Det drønner igennem dalene" på gamle Foss brygge. </b></span><b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Innspillingen av fagforeningsfilmen begynner</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><i>24 november 1937</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <br /><br /><br />«Filmatelelier» står det så fint på døren til den gamle hestestallen på Foss bryggeri. Hvem skulde nå trodd at den tomme bygningen der nede i dompa skulde bli så ophøiet på sine gamle dager! <br /><br />Innvendig ligger stallen – nei atelieet – badet i lys. 40-50,000 watt er installert, samtidig med andre remedier for filminnspilling. Og en hel hytter er reist i et hjørne av hallen, bygget av en tilkalt fagmann fra Odalen, Erik Gjerstadberget, som vet åssen en fløter lever og bor og innretter sig som skal innspilles. <br /><br />Hvorfor en fløter? Fordi den filmen som skal innspilles skal bli en film om skogsarbeiderne, om deres første fagforening og første streik, om deres kamper med skogeierne og streikbryterne, og deres første seier. <br /><br />Filmen skal brukes som ledd i den store fagforeningskampanjen som Oplysningsforbundet arrangerer, og den skal kjøres på fagforeningsmøtene for medlemmene og deres familier. <br /><br /> Det er AS Norsk Film som innspiller den, manuskriptforfatteren er journalist. Haraldsen i «Vestfold Arbeiderblad», iscenesetteren er Olav Dalgard hans assistent er Fredrik Barth, fotografen Reidar Lund og lydingeniøren Fritz Gerhardt. <br /><br />Det var første dagen igår og innspillingen skulde egentlig vært i full sving da vi kom dit. Men det første uhellet var allerede innstruffet, hvilket alle tok som et godt omen for arbeidet videre. Nesefisken er som kjent aldri bra. <br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Ida Rothmann t.v - fra filmen Fant innspilt 1937</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br />Det var Ida Rothmann som var blitt lovlig forhindret fra å komme – Nasjonalteatret holdt fast på henne på prøvene til «Eva avtjener sin barneplikt» og følgelig kunde ikke filminnspillingen komme riktig igang. Der satt de andre skuespillerne sminket og parat, men måtte til slutt pakke sammen og gå igjen. De var kommet fra teaterprøve og skulde til forestilling og slik vil det fortsette hele tiden. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Det vil bli en anstrengende tid fremover, men filmen skal være ferdig til nyttår og det blir den nok også. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Hvorfor bruker dere ikke atelieret på Jar? spør vi Olav Dalgard. Det vilde bli for dyrt for oss. Denne filmen skal ikke koste mer enn en tredjepart av hvad en norsk film ellers koster, og da får vi greie oss så godt vi kan her. <br /><br />Det ser forresten bra ut i stallen. Hytteinteriøret kunde ikke blitt ektere noe annet sted i verden. Jesus på veggen, tøi til tørk over komfyren, blanke kobberting og gamle tiner, hvitskurt bord, vugge. I en seng ligger en uttæret gutt, Per, som har fått «Svartmyrsjuken» hvilket er utlagt tæring. Den har han fått fordi han har ligget i den rå og trekkfulle Svartmyrskoja sammen med de andre fløterne. <br /><br /> Moren Laura sitter ved symaskinen og gamle bestemor Turi og tre småbarn er også inne. Men datteren Tordis, som skulde vært spilt av Ida Rothmann er altså ikke tilstede og det er sørgelig for nu skulde hun springe efter doktoren. <br /><br />Per har bare noen timer igjen å leve og hans død blir som dråpen som bringer begeret til å flyte over. Knut, faren, kommer til å påta sig å lede streiken mot skogeierne som hverken vil gi fløterne skikkelig lønn eller ordentlige arbeidsvilkår. Streiken vil utvikle sig med stor voldsomhet. «Det drøner gjennem dalen» er da også filmens tittel. <br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mange av utescenene kan bli filmet på bryggeriets tomt, og der vil byens borgere til slutt – det blir ved juletider – få se en stor brann. <br /><br />Streikbryterne kommer nemlig til å sette fyr på «Svartmyrkoja» som er reist borte ved noen bjerketrær på tomten. Det er efter at de streikende og streikbryterne er kommet til enighet, og tvinger kaksene til å gå med på lønnstillegg for fløterne. <br /><br />Streikelederen Knut spilles av Tryggve Larssen, og andre streikende av Kolbjørn Brenda, Bernhoft og Aage Pedersen. Blandt streikbryterne finner vi Bjarne Bøe, Gisti, Bolling og Jac. Fjeldstad, Bille og Qværnstrøm er kakser, Myrdal er kaptein og Harald Steen doktor. Gamle Turi spilles av Astrid Sommer, Laura av Ragnhild Hall og Per av Kaare Wicklund. <br /><br />Arbeiderbladet <br />24 november 1937</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></span></i></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-71450863709929634192017-01-24T17:10:00.000-08:002017-07-04T07:37:20.911-07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>M A R M O R T R A P P E N</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Ida Rothmann</div>
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(1916 - 1942)</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ida Rothmann <br />Kilde: Arbeiderbladets Ukemagasin<br />September 1938</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Frøken Elvira Olsen går opover marmortrappen som fører til det nettop utvidede Fotomagasin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Elvira visste av tidligere erfaring hvad slike trapper kostet: Hadde hun kanskje ikke vært ansatt hos en fotograf i tre år som lærling med det forfengelige håp å bli ansatt med bedre lønn efter læretiden, fordi fotografen hadde rost hennes arbeid?</span></div>
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En dag fikk han sig en marmortrapp foran inngangen til sin forretning og lærlingen fikk sparken: «På grunn av inskrenkninger i den stille tid», som det stod på attesten. En ny frielev blev ansattt hos ham.<br />
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- Trappen er rød som blod.</div>
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- Er De dårlig? spør en dame.</div>
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Elvira ser opp: «Nei, jeg bare tenkte høit.</div>
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- Det må De ikke. Folk kan jo tro De er gal. Damen så på henne som om det var nettop hun som trodde det.</div>
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Elvira sender henne bare et blikk, og hvis det hadde kunnet tale vilde det ha sagt: Jeg er ensom – og så forferdelig lite De forstår!<br />
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Damen forsvinner og har for et øieblikk fått noe annet å fylle hjernen sin med enn påskeutstyr og hvad slags krem som passet hennes hud best.</div>
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- Blod –blod – blod, sier Elvira for hvert skritt hun tar opover trappen.<br />
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Forretningens bestyrerinne frøken Kristiansen er optatt med en kunde:</div>
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- Ja vi utfører arbeidet fort og til kundens fulle tilfredshet. He – he. Kanskje det skulde være en filmrull idag? De skal få 10 procent og filmen gratis fremkalt hvis De kjøper den her, sier hun med en tørr mekanisk stemme.</div>
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Kunden går tilfreds ut, forbi den lille flokken av arbeidsløse unge piker som står ved døren og leser på en plakat: «Alt for kunden»</div>
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- Er dere fra Arbeidskontoret? spør frøken Kristiansen og setter de utstående øinene sine fast på hver enkelt, - Er det ingen av der som har vært borte i film og slikt før? spør hun.<br />
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Pikene har ikke fått tid til å vise frem sine attester før de er utkonkurrert av en som sier: - Jo, jeg.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elvira Olsen viser attesten sin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Kan De møte op imorgen klokken halv ni? Kom så skal jeg vise Dem hvor De skal være.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Hvor lang er arbeidstiden? spør Elvira og følger efter frøken Kristiansen ut en bakvei, gjennem et rum hvor en ung pike står og rammer inn billeder.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Det er frøken Paulsen. De to unge hilser på hverandre.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Vil De vise frøken Olsen veien til atelieret der hun skal møte op imorgen, sier frøken Kristiansen, og fortsetter: Arbeidstiden er fra klokken halv ni til fem. Men mange ganger blir det jo litt senere. He – he.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Hvor meget er lønnen? spør Elvira. Frøken Kristiansen sender henne et blikk. Visste hun ikke det?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">- </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Å j</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">o, det står på kortet, sier Elvira. Hun hadde for et lykkelig øieblikk glemt at det stod: Kroner femti pr. måned, på kortet fra Arbeidskontoret.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Er De frisk? Er De sterk? spør frøken Kristiansen.<br />- Ja, svarer Elvira.<br />- Det er bra, kvidrer frøken Kristiansen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Elvira går inn i bakgården der står et gammelt falleferdig trehus, hun går opover en smal bratt tretrapp, til sitt nye arbeidssted. Hun sitter ved klippemaskinen:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Er det bare De alene her? spør hun en ung dame, frøken Pettersen som flyr frem og tilbake fra mørkerummet og inn på kvisten hvor Elvira sitter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Ja, svarer hun, - men nu blir det altfor meget for en før påskesesongen. De skal vel antagelig være her efter påske også ? spør hun.</span></div>
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- Elvira stusser. Jeg håper da det, svarer hun.</div>
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- Da blir det kraftig meget å gjøre. Da får De en øre for hvert billede De glanser og tre øre for hver film De fremkaller.</div>
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Plutselig bøier hun hodet fremover og holder sig for nesen med et lommetørklæ fullt av blod på.</div>
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- Blør De? Hold hodet bakover, sier Elvira forskrekket.</div>
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- Nei, svarer frøken Pettersen - doktor’n sa at en ikke skulde ha hodet bakover. Det går snart over.</div>
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Hun går bort til en benk som står under et lite vindu og tar en vekt som står på benken med den ene hånd, med den andre holder lommetørklædet for nesen. Hun leter frem opskrifter fra en liten eske, men får et nytt anfall og må opgi arbeidet. Hun går frem og tilbake. </div>
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- Vil De ha et lommetørklæ av mig?</div>
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- Nei takk. Det går snart over, svarer frøken Pettersen.</div>
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- Kom det plustelig?</div>
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- Nei. I den senere tid kommer det oftere og oftere.</div>
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- Er det noe jeg kan hjelpe Dem med?</div>
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- Nei takk.</div>
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- Elvira stempler bildene. Hun bøier sig over stemplet for å lese: «Garantert førsteklasses arbeid.»</div>
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Frøken Pettersen og Elvira er endelig ferdig for dagen. Klokken er syv. De tar av sig forklædene som er våte av fremkaller, og de ser på sine underkjoler som det er store gule flekker på.</div>
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- Ja, en får veldig meget ødelagt her? sier frøken Pettersen – De skulde ikke ha tatt på Dem den underkjolen.</div>
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- Jeg visste ikke at frøken Kristiansen vilde la mig som var helt ny begynne med kjemikaliene straks. Jeg er jo bare ansatt som lærling vet De, og har femti kroner måneden for det</div>
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- Men pytt når jeg har fått den ødelagt så skifter jeg like godt ikke. Det er lurt det. Ha ha. </div>
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Hun forsøker å le, men underkjolen kostet syv kroner hun måtte arbeid lenge for det.<br />
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Ute er det mildvær og frøken Petersen priser den varme vårdag ved å trekke på sig et par silkestrømper. De skal gi henne følelsen av å leve når hun endelig slipper ut.<br />
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- Er De snart ferdig så få vi følge, sier hun og brenner efter å komme ut.<br />
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Elvira snører skoene sine, hun ser bortover gulvet til et par høihælte, så reiser hun sig op og utbryter:</div>
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- Nei, noe så forandret som Dem. Hun ser på frøken Pettersen som har hatten kjekt på hodet og litt pudder og sminke i ansiktet – De er et helt annet menneske.</div>
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Frøken Pettersen smiler. Hun ser ut gjennem vinduet og med den ene hånden flytter hun vekten vekk, hånden stanser og med en trett bevegelse tar den hatten av frøken Pettersens hode:</div>
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- Huff, nå glemte jeg sannelig å veie op kjemikalier</div>
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- Og igjen er hun sitt annet jeg.<br />
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-Vi setter vann på gassen, så går det fortere, sier Elvira. Frøken Kristiansen blir så gæ’ern når vi bruker gassen. Vi må spare, svarer frøken Pettersen og setter vannet på kokeplaten.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">- </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Å</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> det er sant, roper Elvira. Jeg hadde på følelsen at det var noe jeg hadde glemt. Disse håndklædene som jeg skulde vaske, sa frøken Kristiansen, jeg får legge dem i vann i kasserollen efter at du har fått varmt vann, så står de og koker inatt.</span></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">De gir sig til å vente og forskjellige tanker farer gjennem hodene deres:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Jeg får ikke se ham idag heller, tenker frøken Pettersen.</span></div>
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Elvira synes hun hører frøken Kristiansens stemme som et ekko.</div>
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- Jeg vil ikke sende de håndklædene bort på vaskeriet. Dem sliter så meget. </div>
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Frøken Pettersen frøs i sine nye silkestrømper. Kvelden og natten hadde satt inn da de gikk hjemover.<br />
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Dagen etter:<br />
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Elvira står og gnir håndklædene og som til sig selv sier hun:</div>
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- Jeg kan ikke få dem helt rene, de er så gule.</div>
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- Tenk, er dem gule. Hvad skal vi gjøre ved det da? Tenk at dem er gule – kommer det ironisk fra frøken Kristiansen som er oppe for å hente noen forstørrelser.</div>
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Elvira svarer ikke, hun går med den tunge kasserollen med skiddent vann for å slå det ut.</div>
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- De må gå litt lettere på gulvet, sier frøken Kristiansen, veggene rister slik.</div>
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Elvira setter rent vann over gassen. Frøken Kristiansen nærmer sig faretruende:</div>
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Har jeg ikke sagt at De skal bruke gassen minst mulig?</div>
- Jo men – <br />- Ikke noe «men» De setter vann på om aftenen og om morgenen har De rent varmt vann til å lage fremkaller av.<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
- Men igår aftes, (Elvira var nødt til å si «men») la jeg håndklædene i vann og de kokte i natt, derfor er det ikke noe varmt rent vann idagmorges.</div>
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- De skal ikke svare bestandig når jeg snakker til Dem. De skal bare si Ja og nei. Forstår De?</div>
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- Ja.</div>
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- De må lære Dem til å inndele arbeidet mer.</div>
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- Hvordan skulde jeg gjort det da?</div>
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- Frøken Kristiansen ser aldeles rasende på Elvira som skynder sig å spørre?</div>
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- Skal jeg slukke gassen?</div>
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- Når De har satt den på, kan den godt stå, men husk på det til en annen gang, sier hun, som for å slå fast for den nye lærling, frøken Nyhus, at det er hun som har makten.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Frøken Nyhus er blitt satt til å sortere billeder. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Frøken Kristiansen kommer et øyeblikk efter tilbake:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Det er sant, sier hun, og henvender sig til Elvira og nu er stemmen helt forandret: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Vil De gå ned i kjelleren og gjøre rent dernede, tømme og flytte alle kassene som står der, gjøre så god plass der som mulig. Tømme det store karet som står der med vann fra ifjor og så gjøre karet rent. Vi skal begynne å fremkalle film der nede. Frøken Jensen gjorde det så pent der nede ifjor som et dansegulv. La mig nu se, frøken Olsen at De gjør det like pent, he hehe.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Elvira hadde ikke vært i kjelleren før. Hun svarer, ung og ivrig: -- Javel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Frøken Kristiansen fortsetter: Så kan den nye damen, frøken Nyhus, overta kjemikaliene. Da kan hun først vise hvordan vi gjør det.</span></div>
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-Ja.</div>
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Etterpå kan De tømme den kassen som står i mørkerummet, men kom op med kassen igjen</div>
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-Ja. </div>
Og så kan De fylle koks i tønnen som står der ute. De triller den inn her og fyller den med koks og så triller De den ut igjen.<br />-Ja.<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
Og så kan De pusse vinduene her, ta ned gardinene, vaske og stryke dem og så kan De gjøre rent i alle hullene her – få det så pent som mulig – he he.</div>
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-Ja, svarer Elvira og tillater sig å spørre: Men billedene.</div>
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-Det skal frøken Nyhus klippe.</div>
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Javel, svarer Elvira og går igang: Kom her, frøken Nyhus, så skal jeg lære Dem å blande kjemikalier.</div>
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Elvira forklarer og frøken Nyhus lytter andektig til.</div>
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-Hvor meget lønn har De? spør Elvira.</div>
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Jeg har ikke noen lønn, svarer frøken Nyhus.</div>
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De arbeider gratis De da?</div>
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Jeg får jo lære, svarer frøken Nyhus og rører videre i en krukke.</div>
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Hvordan fikk De posten her? spør Elvira og heller varmt vann op i en liten øse.</div>
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-Gjennem avisen. Billett merk.</div>
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Dette er Hydrokinon, det blander vi til slutt for sig selv, sier Elvira tankefullt.<br />
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Frøken Paulsen fra forretningen nede i kjelleren til det gamle huset i bakgården. Hun setter en kasse fra sig og ser op: inn under taket ligger en pikeskikkelse oppå et par kasser:</div>
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-De er rene akrobaten jo. Pass så De ikke faller ned. Jeg hadde ikke tort det. Pass så De ikke faller ned. Jeg hadde ikke tort det.</div>
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De ler, og er dus – Pytt, dette er ikke noe, svarer Elvira – (hu-u Hun hoster av alt støvet som har satt sig fast i nesen og halsen mens hun klatrer forsiktig ned igjen.</div>
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-Imorgen skal jeg begynne oppe hos dere, sier frøken Paulsen.</div>
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-Skal du ikke fortsette i forretningen?</div>
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-Nei dem har tatt inn en ny dame som jeg har lært op til å ramme inn billeder, det blir visst litt skjevt av og til, men fort skal det gå. Ha ha. Nå skal jeg lære oppe hos here. Du liker dig i møkka?</div>
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Hm. Nei Jeg har tømt fire søplekasser med møkk. Jeg må vente med resten til kjører’n kommer. Det er morsomt å se hvoran alt forandrer ansikt.</div>
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-Ja værsågod. Frøken Paulsen rekker frem et lite speil som Elvira kaster et blikk inn i. Der ser hun en gammel kone med gråspent hår.<br />
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Frokostpausen en uke senere. Elvira står og sluker maten sin på grunn av plassmangel. To damer fra Kristiansand er blitt ansatt.<br />
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Tenk at frøken Pettersen er sluttet, sier Elvira.<br />
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Frøken Kristiansen ser op fra avisen hun holdt på å lese. Doktorn’ sa hun måtte være hjemme, sa hun men en kan jo aldri vite – så nå er hun sykemeldt.</div>
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Jaså, sier Kristiansand damene.</div>
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Hun gjorde billedene for mørke. Det må dere passe på ikke å gjøre, sier frøken Kristiansen.<br />
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Døren går opp og inn kommer frøken Paulsen, hvit i ansiktet og hender som er store og røde holder hun frem for sig: De blør jo, sier en av damene. </div>
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Det kommer av stokken som vi hefter filmene på. Ah.</div>
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Hvor mange filmer er det idag da? spør frøken Kristiansen, det er det eneste som interesserer henne.<br />
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Foreløpig har jeg fremkalt og hengt op tyve, men det er kommet inn en hel haug nede i butikken.</div>
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Hun viser med armerne hvor stor haugen er og hvisker Ah, jeg gruer.</div>
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Det er to måneder senere: Fjortende april. I kjelleren kaster en rød liten lampe et svakt skjære av farve over et par bleke ungpikeansikter og av og til skjelver kroppene av dulgedgysnier. Lyden av papir og vann er det eneste som bryter stillheten. En vekkerklokke viser åtte.</div>
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Frøken Paulsen titter gjennen en film som forteller om påsken lykkelig mennesker, høi sol og varme.</div>
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Å huttetu – jeg orker snart – ikke – lenger. Vet du hvor lenge jeg arbeidet til skjærtorsdag? sier hun og bryter stilheten med ord.</div>
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Elvira bøier sig ned og legger en fjel under føttene sine: Men det var jo fridag da arbeidet du vel ikke?</div>
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Jo jeg måtte nok arbeide helt til klokken elleve om kvelden uten å få hverken mat eller drikke.</div>
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-Meget skal du få for det?</div>
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Ingen ting, sier hun som om det skulde være den naturligste ting i verden.</div>
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Elvira står med armen dypt nede i det kolde vannet for å lete efter film som har glidd av spikeren på stokken.</div>
-At du vilde, sier hun oprørt. Selv har hun ikke tall på alle de timer hun har arbeidet overtid uten å få en øre ekstra betalt. Men fridagene måtte de vel få lov å ha, tenker Elvira.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Nå er klokken over åtte alt og enda har vi ikke spist noe tenker ikke frøken Kristiansen på om vi er sultne, om vi skal gå hjem eller ut og spise noe – rart at vi ikke får såpass fri som til å ta litt mat ute, sier Elvira.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Det samme sier mor. Tenker hun ikke på om der skal spise noe. Jeg får snart ikke lov å være her lenger, svarer frøken Paulsen.</span>
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Tror du ikke det er best vi spør om hvor meget vi skal ha i lønn eller akkord nå, frøken Kristiansen har ikke sagt noe hun.</div>
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-Så rart at hun ikke sier noe, svarer frøken Paulsen</div>
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Det er best vi spør.</div>
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Tror du vi blir ferdige med alle filmene ikveld?</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nede rumesterer de i kjellerrummet ved siden av og redselsslagne spør de: Er det noen der ute?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Frøken Kristiansen stikker hodet inn til de: Det er bare mig. Dere må bli ferdige med alle filmene idag.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Frøken Paulsen står med ryggen til.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-I natt hvisker hun.</span></span></div>
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Elvira snur sig: Jeg vil gjerne vite hvordan det blir – hvor meget jeg får for arbeidet – er det ikke akkord nå?</div>
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-Jo, svarer frøken Kristiansen. De skal herefter assistere frøken Nyhus med å klippe hennes bilder. Det får De en øre stykket for og så få De tre øre for hver film De fremkaller.</div>
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-Takk, sier Elvira og frøken Kristiansen er forsvunnet, hun vet at det blir som hun vil.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-Det er jævla lompent, utbryter frøken Paulsen – Du som har gjort optil fem hundre billeder pr dag og nå får vi skal få akkord da få du ikke assistere den flinkeste kopiersken? Skal du assistere frøken Nyhus så tjener du ikke mer enn sytti åtti øre dagen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To timer senere: Klokken er ti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Vi kan ikke gjøre mer, vi har ikke flere klyper til å henge op filmene med. </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Å</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> heisann og hoppsann. Frøken Paulsen svinger med den tomme kurven.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ja da er det ikke vår skyld vi har ikke flere klyper – vår samvittighet ren – å heisann.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">De er trette i stemmen.</span></div>
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-Hvor meget har vi tjent idag tro? spør Elvira.</div>
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Idag? Hvor mange konvolutter har du nummeret?</div>
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to hundre og femti De bevilger sig et par minutter til å regne i. Tre kroner og 75 øre. Fra klokken ni dagen morgen til nu tretten arbeidstimer. Stopp, vi er jo ikke ferdige enda.</div>
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Vi må komme her imorgen og gjøre resten ferdig. Skal vi si klokken seks? Før de andre kommer? Det må vi.</div>
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All right. Kom la oss gjøre rent her før vi går.<br />
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Dagen efter. Frøken Paulsen og Elvira har møtt op til arbeidet klokken seks og er blitt ferdige med alle filmene fra dagen før og nu hjelper de til oppe på kvisten. Klokken er 7 om eftermiddagen og Elvira opdager først nu en liste som er slått op på veggen med en tegnestift.</div>
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-Hvad skal det bety? spør hun.</div>
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En av Kristiansands damene svarer: Vi skal begynne å arbeide i skift nå forstår De. Det er en liste som frøken Kristiansen har laget igår.</div>
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Elvira leser: Frøken Nyhus assistenten, frøken Olsen den femtende fra klokken halv ni til klokken fem (17).<br />
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Kristansandsdamen fortsetter: Jeg kom klokken to idag og skal fortsette til klokken til ikveld. Neste uke er det omvendt. Da skal De komme klokken to.</div>
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-Hvorfor har Dere ikke sagt fra før? spør Elvira som har vært der fem timer lenger enn det stod på listen at hun skulde.</div>
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Kan jeg ikke gå da? Frøken Nyhus har jo heller ingen flere billeder?</div>
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Jo det er klart, svarer de andre </div>
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Adjø da!</div>
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Adjø da!<br />
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Dagen efter: Elvira stormer inn på kvisten, slenger av sig kåpen, tar på sig arbeidsforklær. Himmel, fire minutter for sent.</div>
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Hun skynder sig å gjøre alt det arbeid som ikke regnes med i akkorden men som allikevel tar tid: legge i ovnen, tømme kassene etc. Det var hennes arbeid. Hun vasker hendene mens hun sier:</div>
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Synes dere ikke det er på tide at vi sluttet oss sammen og krevde ordentlig betalt for overtidsarbeid slik som det er overalt nå?</div>
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Hun har ikke merket frøken Kristiansen som er kommet inn og har hørt det siste. Frøken Kristiansen går rett bort til Elvira:</div>
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-Jeg må nok si Dem op frøken Olsen. Det går ikke an å gå slik som De gikk igår. De viser for liten interesse for arbeidet.</div>
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Elvira står som lammet uten å si et ord.</div>
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Frøken Kristiansen fortsetter: Jeg har ikke hatt den nytten av Dem som jeg hadde tenkt. De har en ukes opsigelse.</div>
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Elvira svarer ikke, bare lurer på hva det er frøken Kristiansen hadde «tenkt», litt neseblod kanskje, da hadde De vel vært fornøid, vel? tenker Elvira og ser døren som lukker sig efter frøken Kristiansen.<br />
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Elvira river av sig forklæet. Ikke en dag lenger. Men så lett er det ikke for slaven å fri sig, hun tar det på sig igjen, går ut i mørkerummet til lærlingen som går uten lønn, frøken Nyhus: Er det noe jeg kan hjelpe Dem med?</div>
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-Nei takk, svarer frøken Nyhus, ikke før om en time. Da får jeg tyve bileder til ferdig som De kan glanse.<br />
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Elvira går inn igjen på kvisten, tar av sig forklæet.<br />
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Idag skal jeg ha noe nytt å gjøre, jeg går ikke hjem før jeg har noe nytt. Hun pakker inn arbeidsskoene det ødelagte forklæ, tar på sig kåpen og rekker hånden til de forskjellige. Ja adjø da og takk for – nå.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Elvira Olsen går nedover en smal bratt tretrapp med en pakke under armen og imens vokser marmortrappen op rundt omkring og tusener av unge høkrer sin ungdom bort i skyggen av dem.</span></div>
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Kom igjen om et par dager så skal jeg se hvad De har tilgode, sier forretningens bestyrerinne frøken Kristiansen til Elvira som er inne for å hente det lille hun har tilgode.</div>
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Hun kommer tilbake et par dager senere: Værsågod, sier frøken Kristiansen, en krone og tolv øre.</div>
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-Men dette er bare for billedene, svarer Elvira. De sa jeg skulde ha tre øre for hver film jeg fremkalte også. Det blir tre kroner og fem og syttti øre. Hun hadde arbeidet i atten timer for det.</div>
-Nei, det har jeg aldri sagt, sier frøken Kristiansen og smeller kassen igjen efter sig.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Alt for kundene, leser Elvira for siste gang i Fotomagasinet og forsvinner nedover et par marmortrapper.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Kilde: Arbeiderbladets Ukemagasin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">September 1938</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Ida Rothman (Rottmann), som gift Ida Gorvitz, (født 1916 i Kristiania, død 1. desember 1942 i Auschwitz) var en norsk skuespiller og forfatter.</i></span><br />
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<i style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Hun var elev ved Nasjonalteateret fra 1934 til 1937, og medvirket også i flere norske filmer, blant annet «Fant» fra 1937 og «Det drønner gjennom dalen» (1938). I den sistnevnte spilte hun mot den senere lederen for noen av de første norske styrkene i Storbritannia under krigen, Martin Linge (1894-1941).</i></div>
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I 1939 ga hun ut boken «Største kunsten – dog på egne ben å stå», på eget forlag. Boken er en sosialrealistisk novellesamling med sterke selvbiografiske trekk. Jødisk Museum i Oslo har et eksemplar av boken i sine samlinger.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Den 8. august 1942 giftet hun seg med Elias Gorvitz (1911-1943). Paret bosatte seg hos hans familie på Bekkelagshøgda i Oslo. I november samme år ble de begge deportert med skipet DS Donau til Stettin og derfra til utryddelsesleiren Auschwitz. Ida var gravid i sjette måned da hun ble sendt i gasskammer og drept den 1. desember 1942.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>En snublestein med hennes navn er satt ned i ved adressen Arups gate 2 i Oslo.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Published by Scandinavian Jewish Forum<a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">www.scandinavianjewishforum.com</a></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Victor Lind, Nattrytter, 1972. Akryl og lakk. <br /> Contemporary Memory utstillingen på Kunstnernes Hus, 2002</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Knut Rød (1900 – 1986) was a Norwegian police officer responsible for the arrest, detention and transfer of Jewish men, women and children to SS troops at Oslo harbor. For these and other actions related to the Holocaust in Norway, Rød was acquitted in two highly publicized trials during the legal purge in Norway after World War II that remain controversial to this day. The trials and their outcome have since been dubbed the "strangest trial in post-war Norway." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Rød was born in Kristiania (today's Oslo) in 1900 and earned his law degree in 1927. He was immediately hired into the police department in Aker, serving under Jonas Søhr, who was noted in his time for opposing admission of Jewish refugees during World War I and for vilifying shechita, slaughter of animals in accordance with Jewish law. He was promoted to detective ("kriminalbetjent") in 1929 and to lieutenant ("førstebetjent") in 1937. When the police departments in Aker and Oslo were merged in 1940, he was transferred to the surveillance desk. He became a member of Nasjonal Samling on 4 January 1941, well after the German invasion of Norway. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Rød joined the newly established Statspolitiet ("state police") and became the administrative head of the Oslo section. For reasons and under circumstances that remain unclear, Rød resigned from the state police in September 1943 and his membership in NS on 30 September 1943. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the fall of 1941, Jonas Lie, the commissioned police minister in the Terboven administration, established Statspolitiet, consisting of several merged surveillance sections throughout the country. The force was initially 150 men strong and was under the command of Karl Marthinsen. Marthinsen was under the direct command of German authorities independently of Lie. All but four of the police officers in this group were members of NS. For the purposes of the operations related to the Holocaust, Rød was Martinsen's executive officer who acted on his authority in crucial moments. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The arrest, detention, deportation, and ultimate murder of Jews in Norway was effected through several steps. As a member of Statspolitiet, Rød participated in the arrest of Jewish men in and around Oslo on 26 October 1942, and in the confiscation of Jewish property at the same time. However, he was given field command authority for the police action on 25 and 26 November 1942, in which 532 Jews were forced on board the SS Donau and sent to Stettin and ultimately Auschwitz, where all but eight perished. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The ground operations were complex and had to be planned and executed on one day's notice. Under Martinsen and Rød's command, his section made up lists of Jewish women, children, patients, and elderly who were not yet arrested and detained. He organized 100 squads, each consisting of a police officer, a squad leader and two assistants, typically Hird members, SS soldiers, or other police officers. A taxi was requisitioned for each squad. Each squad was given a list of four addresses. The plan was that each member would arrest and detain a family, and the taxi would take each family to the pier in turn. At 4:30 am, 100 taxis (half of the entire stock of taxis in Oslo and Aker) were parked outside the police station in the Majorstuen section of Oslo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Statspolitiet made a head start on this mission the night before by arresting Jewish patients at hospitals, psychiatric institutions, nursing homes, etc. Although doctors often protested, seriously ill patients were transported to the pier and put on board the ship. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">After the liberation of Norway, Rød was arrested on 14 May 1945 and imprisoned at Ilebu prison, which was known as Grini concentration camp during the Nazi regime. He was charged with several violations, among them §86, providing comfort to the enemy; and the treason ordinances (landssvikandordningen) passed during the war and § 223 of the penal code (against kidnapping, though this was not included in the retrial). Although few of the facts were in dispute, he was acquitted on 4 February 1946, against the objection of the professional judge, Johan Munthe Cappelen. Three separate arguments were made in Rød's defence: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cover - Rød's defence claimed that he had been a double agent for the Norwegian resistance, and that his cover would have been compromised, preventing him from performing more important work for the resistance. This was based on witness testimony by other police officers who had been involved in the arrest and deportation. It appeared likely that Rød in fact had passed information to resistance members within the police department, but there is no evidence he did this to warn the Jews or the resistance of the pending arrest and deportation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Coercion - as was the case with many officials involved with the Holocaust, Rød claimed that he had no real choice in the matter. The defense argued that if he had refused to obey orders from his superiors, he would have been subject to arrest and possible deportation himself. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Professionalism - Rød's defense maintained that his responsibilities had been limited to "technical" police work that he had performed conscientiously and in a humane manner. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The majority of panel found that Rød had been put in a difficult position during these events, and that his judgment in participation in the "technical" aspects of the actions was justified. Rød had argued that he had conducted the arrests in a "humane" manner, and that his participation had prevented German police from taking over the Norwegian police authority and doing greater harm. The court also accepted the "camouflage" argument, namely that Rød's cover as a collaborating police officer, would have been jeopardized had he resisted the order to arrest and transfer the Jews. The lone dissenting judge, judge Cappelen, noted that "there is nothing that indicates that the accused - as he stood before these crimes - had patriotic duties of such importance and that were so closely tied to his role in the state police that his leading participation in the arrest of Jews can be justified." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The acquittal was vacated on appeal and the case was retried on 9 April 1948. He was again acquitted, this time by a unanimous panel. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Knut Rød (1900 – 1986) was a Norwegian police officer responsible </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Rød applied to be reinstated in the police but was rejected. He sued and prevailed, with the city court in Oslo ordering him to be reinstated in the Oslo police department. The Oslo police and Norwegian department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway, but were overruled. On 15 April 1950, the police in Oslo sent a "cool" letter to Rød, "noting" that he was to resume his duties on June 1 that year at 9 am. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">No credible evidence was presented at either of these trials to support Rød's contention that he had done anything to warn Jews about their pending arrest and deportation. Although the resistance had infiltrated virtually every police agency in Norway, they only found out about the deportation late in the day of 25 November. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In its acquittal, the court said that Rød's action "were necessary in order for him to perform the other, far, more important resistance work. He has the entire time pursued his plan to damage enemy and benefit his country men. The accused is therefore acquitted." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">On 13 March 1947 defence minister Hauge showed a document to justice minister Gundersen, regarding Knut Rød—who was preparing for trial in the appellate court. (The document was a five-day-old report (to then chief of the Intelligence Service) about Rød's participation in a group that collected intelligence on communists and sympathizers; and about Rød having accepted Norwegian kroner 500 for locating the election lists for the Norwegian Communist Party—pertaining to the last election of parliament and the municipal governments; and about Rød having recruited his brother, for the work [of the group]. (His brother was then a secretary in Kommunikasjonsdirektoratet—a government agency. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Olav Njølstad says that "Before the Rød Case continued, the Defence- and Justice Minister knew that the defendant was concerned about the communist threat and could become a useful man in the communist surveillance that they had started constructing - that is, under the condition that he would not be convicted of Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II, and fired from the police force. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A professor of law and criminology, Knut Sveri, wrote an article on the case against Rød on the occasion of Joh. Andenæs's 70th birthday, titled "Landssvikoppgjørets merkeligste rettssak," ("the strangest trial in the post-war treason trials"), that questioned the judicial motivation(s) of the jury in two trials, in believing that any circumstances could have justified contributing to the murder of hundreds of Jews, in what has been referred to as the "greatest crime in Norway during World War II." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">On 26 November 2006, the Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities put on permanent display a statue of Rød by the sculptor Victor Lind, where Rød is depicted wearing a Nazi uniform, his arm raised in a "Sieg Heil" salute. The center also held a symposium on the issue, concluding that Jews were considered outside the collective - before, during, and after the war - to the extent that Norwegians thought the deportation somehow was an external matter. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Following this, a Norwegian Supreme Court justice, Georg Fr. Rieber-Mohn, published on 14 February 2007 an op-ed piece in Dagbladet where he found that the acquittal was appropriate on a strictly legal basis, because, in order for § 86 - giving aid and comfort to the enemy - to apply, the totality of the defendant's actions had to be considered; and in this case the panel felt that Rød's assistance to the resistance under cover of being a police officer for the Nazis outweighed the damage he had done by deporting the Jews. This resulted in a further debate about whether Rød's assistance to the resistance, outweighed his role in the deportations, in reference to culpability according to § 86. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In late October 2008, Olav Njølstad, Jens Chr. Hauge's biographer revealed that Rød had been recruited in the immediate aftermath of the war to register communists and their sympathizers. The possibility was thereby raised that Hauge or other influential Norwegians influenced the outcome of the trials against Rød, to keep him in the police force, where he could continue his surveillance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">AND THE THEATRE</span></div>
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<i style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">INTRODUCTION</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "ms pゴシック" , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">Collective identities grow from a sense of the past, and the theatre very forcefully participates in the ongoing representations of and debates about the past, sometimes by contesting them and sometimes by reinforcing them.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">The lively interest shown by the Hebrew reading public for translated literature in general has been an important factor in the renaissance of the modern Hebrew language and literature that began in the late 1790s</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In spite of the fact that translations from the Scandinavian literature are far fewer than the translations from the “major” literature, which meant most for Hebrew culture (Russian, German, English and French, in that order) or the “minor” literature, which had a special importance for the Hebrew culture (namely Yiddish and Polish), the lively interest shown for the Scandinavian literature is quite remarkable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The more than 270 titles compiled</span> bibliography <span style="font-family: "arial" , , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">by Freddy Rokem, extends over a period of almost 90 years starting in 1894 with a translation of Andersen’s tales into Hebrew, bear concrete witness to the Hebrew reader’s fascination with the literature of Scandinavia. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This remarkable fact is not as exceptional as it may at first seem to be.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scandinavian writers like Herman Bang, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Knut Hamsun, Henrik Ibsen, Jens Peter Jacobsen, Selma Lagerløf and August Strindberg (to name a few of the most prominent ones ), were translated almost immediately into the major continental languages and at the time of their publication their works were considered to be in the avant-garde of the contemporary literary scene. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some cases the Scandinavian writers were even regarded with greater esteem in the rest of Europe than in their respective home countries. A large part of the works translated into Hebrew was indeed by these internationally recognized Scandinavians. In light of the fact that the Hebrew letters adopted the literary standards.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 17px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Collective identities grow from a sense of the past, and the theatre very forcefully participates in the ongoing representations of and debates about the past, sometimes by contesting them and sometimes by reinforcing them. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "ms pゴシック" , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In his examination of the ways in which the theatre after World War II has presented different aspects of the Holocaust, Freddie Rokem shows us that by "performing history" actors - as witnesses for the departed witnesses - bring the historical past and the theatrical present together</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , , "ms pgothic" , , "dotum" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, models and tastes of the cultures to which Jews had immediate access, namely Russian and to some extent Polish and German, it is not surprising that Scandinavian works already available in the language of these cultures were to be translated into Hebrew.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rokem analyzes the significance of stage representations of the Holocaust in different national contexts: the United States and Europe for performances about the French Revolution and Israel for performances about the Holocaust. By pointing out both the great diversity and the common features of these performances, he draws attention to the complex collective efforts and the creativity of playwrights, directors, designers and actors as they connect their theatrical energies to a specific historical past. He also focuses on the ways in which audiences in different cultures have been affected by and even had an influence on the ideological debates embedded in these performances. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rokem looks at plays and performances by Yehoshua Sobol, Dudu Ma'ayan and Hanoch Levin in Israel; Peter Brook, Ariane Mnouchkin and Ingmar Bergman in Europe; and Orson Welles, Herbert Blau and Robert Wilson in the United States. Drawing upon these and upon his own life in Europe, Israel and the United States, Rokem makes us aware of the critical interaction between the failures of history and the efforts to create viable and meaningful works of art.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><i>Freddie Rokem is the Emanuel Herzikowitz Professor for 19th and 20th Century Art and teaches in the Department of Theatre Studies at Tel Aviv University, where he served as the Dean of the Yolanda and David Katz Faculty of the Arts (2002-2006); he is also a permanent visiting Professor at Helsinki University, Finland. </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>During 2007-2008 he was a visiting Professor at Stanford University, the Free University in Berlin and UC Berkeley. He is editor of Theatre Research International (2006-2009). Rokem’s book Performing History: Theatrical Representations of the Past in Contemporary Theatre published by University of Iowa Press (2000; paperback 2007) received the ATHE (Association for Theatre in Higher Education) Prize for best theatre studies book in 2001. Strindberg’s Secret Codes was published by Norvik Press (2004) </i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Published with kind permission </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edgar Brichta. Photo: Edgar Brichta ©</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> EDGAR BRICHTA</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Som niåring flyktet Edgar Brichta fra jødeforfølgelsene i Tsjekkoslovakia. Han fikk nytt hjem på Laksevåg. Så ble fosterfaren nazist.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br /><br /><br />Hjemme i stuen i Laksevåg, høsten 1942 hos NS-ordfører Arne Normann i Nygårdsvik på Laksevåg sitter fem bergenske NS-sympatisører og diskuterer jødene.<br /><br />– De er utsugere som føler seg for gode til å gjøre et dags arbeid, sier den ene.<br /><br />– Det er jødene som er skyld i denne krigen, sier den andre.<br /><br />Arne Normann nikker.<br /><br />Ved kaminen i den andre enden av rommet sitter Edgar, 12 år. Han har sitt blonde hode dypt begravd i en bok, men får med seg hvert ord som blir sagt. Ved siden av ham sitter fostermor Agnes, stille og konsentrert over strikketøyet.</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Edgar Brichta. Photo: Edgar Brichta </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">©</span> </div>
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Det er mange måneder siden Edgar sist hørte fra sin egen mor og far og lillesøster Vera i Tsjekkoslovakia. De er sendt med tog et sted.</div>
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Men hvor?</div>
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Det var tre år tidligere, den 24. oktober 1939, at Edgar Brichta og 36 andre jødiske barn tok farvel med sine familier i et Hitler-kontrollert Tsjekkoslovakia, med kurs for Norge.</div>
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Flyktningtransporten i regi av Nansen-hjelpen var enestående. Ferden gikk med tog fra Praha, via Berlin til den tyske havnebyen Sassnitz, med båt over Østersjøen til Trelleborg i Sverige, og tog videre til Oslo. Der skiltes barnas veier, og en gruppe på ni ble satt på nattoget til Bergen.</div>
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«Alvoret stod tydelig preget i deres ansigter, og det er ikke så lett å få smilet til å lyse op hos dem», skrev Bergens Tidende, som var til stede på mottakelsen den gang.</div>
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Først nå, nesten 70 år etter, ser historien om Edgar og de jødiske flyktningbarna som oppholdt seg i Bergen under krigen, offentlighetens lys, i Per Kristian Sebaks bok «"vi blir neppe nogensinne mange her." Jøder i Bergen 1851-1945».</div>
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Hun så ham, og visste at det var Edgar hun ville ha. Agnes Normann var først i køen av foreldre som hadde møtt opp på Hotel Terminus om morgenen fredag 27. oktober for å ta imot sine jødiske fosterbarn.</div>
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I mange måneder hadde Nansen-hjelpens lokale komité, med lektor Aslaug Blytt i spissen, arbeidet med å skaffe midler og fosterhjem til barna. Nærmere 60 par hadde meldt sin interesse. Barnløse Agnes Normann og hennes ektemann Arne var funnet verdig.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br />Hjertet svulmet da Agnes så den lille blåøyde gutten i klyngen, dresskledd og fin, med den blonde luggen gredd fremover.<br /><br />Selv forsto Edgar ingenting.<br /><br />«Edgar ni år. En skjebnes kasteball flyktet derfra og herfra. Og nu her», skrev Bergens Aftenblad.<br /><br />Snart ble Edgars hånd omsluttet av en større. Myk og varm og lubben.<br /><br />– Kom, sa Agnes og smilte.<br /><br />De dro hjem. Der ventet en logrende Boris, og snart var Arne hjemme fra ingeniørjobben på Blikkvalseverket.<br /><br />Agnes og Arne visste ikke hva godt de kunne gjøre for Edgar, som snart viste seg å være en kvikk og livsglad guttunge. Han lærte norsk på rekordtid, fikk venner i nærmiljøet og fant seg til rette på Holen skole.<br /><br />Arne kjøpte sykkel til ham og løp etter med hendene på bagasjebrettet til gutten kunne balansere selv. Han kom med bly fra Blikkvalseverket og lærte ham å spille blydunk. Og var tålmodigheten selv da Edgar tok sine første vaklende skritt på ski.<br /><br />– Han var en snill, litt naiv mann som var lett å lede, sier Edgar.<br /><br />Den 9. april 1940 befant den lille familien på Laksevåg seg i skuddlinjen, og Arnes eneste tanke var å få familien i sikkerhet. Han startet motorsykkelen, plasserte Agnes i sidevognen og Edgar bakpå, og dro i all hast ut til farmor på landet.<br /><br />Så forsvant han. Han meldte seg som frivillig i motstandsbevegelsen, men kom tilbake etter bare en måned. Skuffet over de alliertes innsats, og sterkt kritisk til britenes behandling av norske motstandsstyrker.<br /><br />– De bruker oss som skjold, sa Arne.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Snart endret Arnes holdninger seg, og sympatien dreide mot Nasjonal Samling. Han lyttet til Hamsuns opprop og kopierte argumentene hans. På Edgar virket det som om fosterfaren lette etter en unnskyldning for å slutte seg til partiet.<br /><br />Og før han visste ordet av det, var Arne blitt ordfører i Laksevåg.<br /><br />Noe var fryktelig galt. Så mye forsto Edgar. Han var bare ikke helt sikker på hva.<br /><br />Han kjente blikkene i nakken, hørte det ble hvisket bak ryggen hans.<br /><br />«Der er gutten til naziordføreren».<br /><br />På skolen følte han seg annerledes. Særlig i dusjen etter gymnastikktimene. Guttene stirret på tissen hans, som var omskåret.<br /><br />Hjemme undret han seg over fosterfarens jødehat. Hva galt hadde han gjort?<br /><br />– Jeg våget ikke ta det opp med ham før etter krigen. Men jeg var aldri redd for at Arne skulle angi meg, sier Edgar.<br /><br />Men det var ett problem som naget ham mer enn noe annet: Hvordan gikk det med mor og far og Vera?<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stadig drømte han seg tilbake. Til barndommens Bratislava, der han pisset bak bosspannene med guttene i gaten. Til den eksentriske farens fengslende fiolinspill, morens beroligende røst, og Veras beundrende blikk for sin storebror.<br /><br />Han sparte på minner om små, hverdagslige episoder. Som den gangen han lå på sengen med far og leste en tegneseriestripe om katten Felix. Felix ville gjøre seg slank og lekker for en hunnkatt han var forelsket i, og la seg under en dampveivals.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">– Ikke gjør som katten Felix, sa far.<br /><br />Til og med barndommens skuffelser ble skattede dagdrømmer. Som den gangen faren dro på auksjon for å kjøpe sykkel til Edgar, og kom tilbake med en fiolin til seg selv. Eller da Edgar tok Vera til fornøyelsesparken, og disset henne så kraftig at hun spydde.<br /><br />Det var moren som fulgte ham til toget. Situasjonen for jødene i Bratislava hadde siden Krystallnatten i november 1938 blitt stadig verre. Familien hadde derfor flyttet fra Bratislava til bestemorens hus i Zilina allerede på vårparten i 1939.<br /><br />Nå gikk ferden tilbake til Bratislava, alene med mamma. Det var stas. Hun tok ham med til et antikvariat, hvor han fikk Jules Vernes «Drama i Litauen», en skatt han fremdeles har.<br /><br />Hun satte ham på et tog til Praha, klemte ham inntil seg, og sa han måtte være en snill og flink gutt.<br /><br />Så vinket hun farvel.<br /><br />Edgar kvernet minnene og klamret seg til brevene. Leste om og om igjen. Det siste er datert 16. februar 1942:<br /><br />Vera, som er blitt syv år, har lært seg løkkeskrift. Faren forteller at han har fått en venn som snakker norsk, som kan oversette. Moren skriver at de ikke lenger vet hvor lenge de skal være hos bestemor i Zilina.<br /><br />Alle avslutter med «grüssen und küssen», slik de alltid gjorde.<br /><br />Så ble det stille.<br /><br />Høsten 1942 , like etter at Edgar hadde overhørt samtalen om jødene i stuen hjemme på Laksevåg, fant to massearrestasjoner av jøder sted i Bergen. Den 26. oktober og 25. november ble til sammen 38 jøder og halvjøder arrestert.<br /><br />Utrolig nok var ikke noen av de jødiske flyktningbarna som hadde kommet med Nansen-hjelpen, i politiets søkelys. Trolig fordi ingen av fosterforeldrene deres hadde tatt seg bryet med å registrere dem.<br /><br />Men nettet strammet seg. I slutten av november ble Nansen-hjelpens kartotek beslaglagt, og Aslaug Blytt mente at det var for risikabelt å la barna bli værende i Norge. En nøye planlagt, men meget risikabel flukt ble gjennomført, og innen midten av januar 1943 var samtlige flyktningbarn i sikkerhet i Sverige.<br /><br />Med ett unntak: Edgar.<br /><br /> Av frykt for at Arne Normann skulle angi flyktningbarna i Bergen, våget ikke representantene for Nansen-hjelpen å henvende seg til familien på Laksevåg før etter at flukten var gjennomført.<br /><br />Bergljot Horne, som var Edgars tilsynshaver, var imidlertid bekymret for guttens sikkerhet.<br /><br />I samråd med fostermor Agnes ble det avgjort at Edgar midlertidig skulle flytte til Hornes hytte på Milde til skoleårets slutt. Derfra flyttet han til distriktslege Kari Øpstad på Fusa, hvor han fullførte grunnskolen.<br /><br />Og Edgar trivdes. Han fikk nye venner og gjorde det godt på skolen. Han elsket å fiske og ferdes i naturen.<br /><br />Han fikk sin egen spenstige geitekilling som han hadde med seg overalt. Til og med til Laksevåg, dit han fra tid til annen dro for å besøke kameratene og Agnes og Arne.<br /><br />På 14 årsdagen hans, den 2. februar 1944, kom to voksne, fremmede menn inn i stuen på Fusa og sang av fulle lunger foran en rødmende Edgar:<br /><br />Til land og folk du mest har kjær<br />til far og mor og Vera.<br />Eg veit du lengtar til landet der<br />du reisi kan få gjera.<br />Ja, må du møte alle att<br />som du so gjerne vilde.<br />Må snart ta slutt den myrke natt<br />som dykk so lenge skilde.<br />Du elskar blomar, kanin og lam<br />og tre og bær i skogen.<br />Du elskar jord som kan odlast fram<br />og leggjast under plogen.<br />Og den som sår den gode såd<br />og rydjar ugras or grunnen.<br />Han brukar livet til beste dåd<br />som er i verdi funnen.<br /><br />Det var Kari som hadde skrevet sangen.<br />– Jeg var omgitt av skytsengler, sier Edgar.<br /><br />Freden kom, og Edgar kastet seg ut i de jublende folkemassene. Men det var ikke først og fremst Norges frihet han jublet for. Omsider skulle han få se mor og far og Vera igjen. Den 12. mai 1945 skrev han til dem: «Jeg vil så snart som mulig reise hjem. Hils alle hjemme».<br /><br />Spent ventet han på svar, men forgjeves. Brevet kom i retur, og måneder gikk uten at han hørte noe.<br /><br />Edgar ble urolig, og bestemte seg for å spore dem opp. Etter å ha gjort ferdig første real våren 1946, pakket han kofferten og dro alene til Bratislava, 16 år gammel.<br /><br />Han ble møtt med nedslående nyheter. Den eneste slektningen han fant i live, var morens halvsøster, som ikke visste noe om familien. I Zilina støtte han på en nabo som kunne fortelle at foreldrene og Vera var blitt deportert og myrdet i Auschwitz i april 1942.<br /><br />Av naboen fikk Edgar en bok om hypnose som faren en gang hadde skrevet: «Ein Blick hinter die Kulissen». Alle andre eiendeler var borte.<br /><br />Dypt fortvilet over tapet av foreldrene og Vera gikk Edgar inn i sionistbevegelsen. Målet var å reise til Palestina, der han skulle være med å bygge et nytt Israel.<br /><br />Etter omstendelige forberedelser som omfattet både praksis og teori, var sionistene på vei. De skulle først med tog til Marseilles, derfra med båt til Kypros, og videre til Palestina.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Men idet toget satte seg i bevegelse i Praha kjente Edgar på magefølelsen at noe var galt. Uansett hvor dårlig jødene var blitt behandlet, mente han det var uriktig å drive palestinerne ut fra landet de hadde bodd i hundrevis av år.<br /><br />Han trakk i nødbremsen, forlot toget, og dro tilbake til Norge.<br /><br />Høytt til fjells, på Slåttemyrsetra i Buskerud, var gleden stor da Edgar kom vandrende oppover stien en sommerdag i 1948. Arne, som var blitt idømt tre og et halvt års fengsel for landssvik, var løslatt, men hadde ennå ikke fått tillatelse til å praktisere som ingeniør. Derfor ble det tømmerhogst denne sommeren.<br /><br />Sjefen, Oslo-ingeniøren Einar Føyn, hadde arbeid til Edgar også. Og da sommeren var over, var Einar Føyn blitt så begeistret for Edgar at han tilbød ham husrom på Nesøya i Oslo, slik at han kunne fullføre realskolen i hovedstaden. Edgar tok imot tilbudet.<br /><br />Drømmen om Amerika murret i bakhodet. 19 år og eventyrlysten dro han av gårde igjen. Denne gangen som messegutt om bord på skipet S/S Livia, som tilhørte rederiet Simonsen & Astrup.<br /><br />Da båten lå til kai i Philadelphia, bestemte han seg for å hoppe av. I fire omganger smuglet han det lille han eide til en oppbevaringsboks på jernbanestasjonen. Fjerde gangen løste han billett til New York, tok navnet Bernhard Levin, og forsvant i mengden.<br /><br />Han tok strøjobber og gikk på skole om kvelden for å lære engelsk. Men da han hodestups forelsket seg i sin Judy, ville han prøve å skaffe seg statsborgerskap, og gikk for å verve seg til tjeneste i forsvaret. Han endte et helt annet sted – i fengsel for å ha oppholdt seg ulovlig og med falsk identitet i landet.<br /><br />Etter å ha blitt løslatt mot kausjon, ble han sendt ut av USA. Atter gikk turen til Norge, hvor hans mange venner hjalp ham med å skaffe innreisetillatelse og studieplass i Canada.<br /><br />Tiden var kommet for legestudier og ekteskap.<br /><br />SACRAMENTO, SEPTEMBER 2008.<br /><br />Det går mot høst. Gresset er gulsvidd på Edgars faste turløype langs American River, som renner kjølig og solblank, bare to kvartaler fra huset hans.<br /><br />Kjærligheten til naturen, som ble vekket i Norge den gangen, er like sterk i dag. Fortsatt deltar den 78 år gamle mannen i løpekonkurranser i hjembyen.<br /><br />– Jeg kommer i mål først og sist. Som regel er jeg eneste deltaker i min aldersgruppe, sier Edgar.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Han har aldri kommet over tapet av Vera og foreldrene. Hele livet har han gått med en ulmende sorg i seg.<br /><br />Da han og konen besøkte Auschwitz i 1992, tok han seg i å lete etter Veras små sko da han sto foran haugen med sko etter jødene i museet.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">– Mine foreldre har jeg begravd, på et vis. Men jeg klarer ikke kvitte meg med savnet etter Vera. Hvor meningsløst det er at den kvikke lille jenten skulle dø en slik umenneskelig død.<br /><br />– Ofte tenker jeg på hennes siste dager. Om bord i toget, der de var stuet sammen som kveg, uten mat og drikke, uten toaletter.<br /><br />– Har du dårlig samvittighet, over at du fikk leve og ikke hun?<br /><br />– Ja, det og.<br /><br />Raseriet kom i Tyskland, da Edgar arbeidet som psykiater for den amerikanske flyvåpenet på 1970-tallet. Hver gang han så en mann som kunne være på alder med foreldrene, følte han trang til å gå bort til dem og skrike: «Hvor var du i 42»?<br /><br />– Det verste er, sier Edgar, – at verden ikke har lært. Vi ser de samme tendensene til menneskelig avvik og religiøse motsetninger i dag som den gang. Forskjellen er bare at det er andre mennesker som bekler rollene.<br /><br />Han skuer ut over elven og slår fast at han har ingen tro på at hans barnebarn skal få vokse opp i en fredelig verden.<br /><br />– Det er synd, sier han, og rister tankefullt på hodet.<br /><br />– Det er jo så vakkert, livet.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Published with kind permission</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>Author Siv S<span style="text-align: justify;">æ</span>veraas BT 20.sep, 2008</i></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></i></span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-64888403755615440732016-10-29T07:42:00.000-07:002017-07-10T13:31:21.346-07:00<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Erik Somer - Photo: Courtesy Erik Somer</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>ERIK SOMER</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MY CHILDHOOD</b></span></div>
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My father, Wolf Somer, was born on 15 September, 1891 in Sadagora in Bukovina, which was then an Austrian province; after the First World War it became Romanian and after the Second World War and the dissolution of the Soviet Empire it now belongs to the Ukraine.</div>
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My grandfather was Mendel Somer, a pharmacist in Sadagora. Sadagora is almost a suburb of that area's main city, which during the Austrian period was called Chernowitz, under Romania Cernauti and today is called Chernovtsy. While I have met my grandfather, I have never met my grandmother. Her first name was Chaja Hinda and her maiden name was Königsberg. My grandfather, whom we called Opapa Mendel as children, died in 1933 and is buried in Chernowitz.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">From left: Erik Somer's father, grandfather, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">brothers Elieser and Marem</span></td></tr>
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My father went to Vienna where he studied medicine at the University.As a doctor he took part in the Austrian army during World War. </div>
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My father died in 1952 in Tel Aviv, Israel. From left: My father, grandfather, brothers Elieser and Marem. </div>
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My mother Hanna (Chana) Erteschik was born in Krakow on 5 October, 1895. Krakow was then in the Austrian province of Galicia, but became Polish after World War I. Her father's name was Joseph and her mother's Gusta or Gitel, née Turner.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Erik Somer's mother, Hanna (Chana) Erteschik - Courtesy Erik Somer</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />My mother never told me anything about her mother, only that her parents were divorced and that her mother died young. My mother had a half sister Lola, who also was named Gusta after her mother, but had a different father. Lola lived in Vienna, where her husband was director of the Austrian Danube Steamship Company.<br /><br /> My mothers father was married four times. His last wife and one of her sons vanished during World War II in Auschwitz. <br /><br />As a teenager my mother went to Vienna, where her older brothers Mario and Arno lived. She became a housekeeper for them. She joined them when they in 1913 moved to Copenhagen, Denmark.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Erik Somer's uncle Mario</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Here they opened a textile factory “Scandinavian Hosiery AS” and a chain of women´s clothing stores named DIVA.</span><br />
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My mother was still housekeeper for the two brothers and also helped in the shops, when she met my father while recovering at Skodsborg Sanatorium, presumably for a bile problem that bothered her the whole life. My father was at Skodsborg on a study trip because he wanted to establish a similar institution in Vienna. Their relationship developed despite the wishes of her brothers, Arno and Mario, who did not want to lose their housekeeper through marriage. Consequently, there was never much love lost between my father and the two brothers.</div>
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In spite of this, Mario loaned my father funds to help him establish the ambulatory clinic THERMIA, which was located in Vienna's most exclusive quarter, Franz Joseph Kai 1, a portion of the circular Ring surrounding the historic city center. (Franz Josefs Kai is located on the Danube Canal, a sidearm to the Danube). </div>
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My parents were married on November 17th, 1925, in a Vienna synagogue with my mother's brother Mario and my father's brother Marem as official witnesses.</div>
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The lineage of my grandfather Joseph can be traced far back in time. A distant relative, Naomi Shubin Greenberg, has written a book about this branch of the family genealogy.</div>
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It is typical of Jewish families that they keep records of their families far back in time. This is particularly true for the group called Cohanim (the name is often Cohen or Kohn). The Cohanims trace their ancestry back to the time of Moses, as the males of this family were the only ones who could become priests since they were the offspring of Moses's brother, the high priest Aaron. Both of my grandfathers were Cohanim.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ruth and Erik, 1932. Courtesy Erik Somer</span></td></tr>
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Since the Jewish people were not held together by common land, they relied on family history to give them their common identity. My maternal grandfather could trace his lineage back to the Jewish sage Rashi who lived in Troys and Worms (1040-1105). </div>
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It was through my great-grandmother Redel Landau, who married a son of Alter Erteschik who descended in a direct line from Rashi. Rashi who, in turn, wrote in his works that he was of David's lineage. Thus we are, like our remote relative Jesus, of the House of David.</div>
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My sister Ruth Malinowski, a weaver and tapestry maker, was born on September 30th, 1928. She has exhibited her work in many countries and received many awards for her work. Her husband was the late poet Ivan Malinowski and they have a daughter Nina Malinovski (born 1951), herself an author. Nina has 3 children Milan, Pejk and Marike. </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">MY AUSTRIAN CHILDHOOD </span></b></div>
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I was born on August 21, 1926 at a maternity clinic at Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Pelikan Gasse 15, Vienna IX, and was circumcised some days later.</div>
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On January 1, 1926, my father had opened his clinic THERMIA, next to our apartment on Franz Josefs Kai 1. I lived there until we fled to Denmark in 1938.</div>
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In addition to our nanny we also had a cook. I also went daily in the clinic where I was especially good friends with Karl, the stoker who took care of the hot mud baths, (one of my father's specialties.) Furthermore, I was very good friends with the nurse Selma, a large and good tempered woman, and with the secretary and cashier, whose name I no longer remember. </div>
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The ground floor of our building held a typical Viennese café, a place where one enjoyed the Einspänner (Coffee with whipped cream), the Gespritzter (white wine with appolinaris), possibly an Obstler (fruit brandy) and a piece of apple strudel or Sachertorte. There one could read the daily newspapers which were fixed to a rattan reading rack, and/or visit with friends.</div>
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During summer one could sit outside the cafe in the shade of large chestnut trees. My father had his own table there with a telephone linking him directly with the clinic secretary, so that he could be summoned if necessary, or respond to a call. There he would spend a considerable part of his day. But he returned to our apartment for meals.</div>
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We frequently visited Denmark, usually staying at Uncle Mario's apartment at Vendersgade 33, the last house on Søtorvet with two towers. Mario had an office on ground floor and lived on the second floor. Viewed from the street, it was the flat towards the lakes with two balconies.</div>
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During summer visits we spent most of the time in Hornbæk, often with my mother's best friend Leonie Rosenfeld Plaut, called Lonemor, and Lonemor's mother, whom we either called “Mamá” (with a long vowel at the end) or else “Grandma.” Uncle Mario was similarly never called anything but “Uncle Grandpa,” as he was several years older than my mother.</div>
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As previously mentioned, we always had a nanny. The first nanny I do not remember. My first vague recollection of a nanny was that of a tough young lady who would not accept my food idiosyncrasies. Since I could not stand green peas, but loved scrambled eggs, she would serve peas and tell me that it was scrambled eggs from green hens, just as tomato sauce was scrambled eggs from red hens. When the nanny fed me scrambled eggs from the green hens, it upset my stomach and I threw up. Resolutely the nurse fed me my own vomit. When my mother noticed it, the nanny was promptly fired.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fräuli with Erik Somer;s daughter Lone and<br />Ruth´s daughter Nina (right). <br />Courtesy Erik Somer</span><br />
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I have more fond recollections of a nanny we called “Paukowitsch,” a tough middle-aged lady who went to walk with me and my younger sister Ruth, who was two years younger and still in the pram. We walked in the Stadtpark, a five minutes walk from where we lived. I remember those walks which often took us to a stone bench on the banks of the Wien, a river which wended through the park. We called her "Die Paukowitsch,” as we had no pet name for this harsh lady. </div>
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It was much different with our next nanny -- Miss Stefanie Janik – whom we called “Fräuli” (i.e. the little miss) from day one. Fräuli was member of our family for approximately 60 years until her death on 16 August, 1991, at almost 90 years of age. Presumably she started with us around 1930 when I was age 4. She was born in Olmütz in the present Czech Republic, which before WW one was in the Austrian province of Moravia, in the city now called Olomouc. Most likely from childhood she was bilingual in German and Czech (a Slavic language similar to Polish.) One of her first jobs as a nanny was in Poland where she spent a few years. Her mastery of Polish must have been good as she and my mother spoke Polish whenever they spoke of something which they didn't want Ruth or me to know.</div>
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Often during the summer, we would go to Austrian resorts. The first such holiday that I recall was when we went to Semmering, where we stayed at a hotel when I was probably 4 years old. In the morning we breakfasted on rolls (Semmeln), smothered under thick layers of butter. One day I went to the table before the others came and began to lick the butter from the rolls. When my father came in and saw it, I got an incredible beating. My mother arrived and was afraid that my father would hurt me seriously. </div>
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I may have had other naughty inclinations, but my Dad was intractable. My parents agreed to send me to a child-care institution in a small town in Wienerwald called Hinterbrühl. I was most unhappy there.</div>
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At one end of the house was a semi-circular stone basin with a lion's head that spewed water into a basin which contained some vegetation in the water. I went up to the basin and held my head under the water. I swallowing a lot of water and still remember the feeling of nearly drowning. Fortunately, I was found alive. My parents were called and I was returned to the their hotel at Semmering. </div>
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About one year later I was slightly injured. Ruth would bath her smaller dolls in a doll bathtub made of tin including tin tubes legs, one of which had broken off. One morning as we dressed, I stood behind Ruth and used the tin tube to blow air on her neck. Ruth became irritated and threw her head back. The result was that the tin tube cut into my uvula. Yell and scream! I was promptly taken to a throat specialist, who lived a few houses from us. With a special tong he kept my mouth open so he could get to the uvula and cut it off. My missing uvula challenges me when I try to say something with rolling R´s, which require a vibrating uvula. Throughout life, doctors examining my throat have wondered in astonishment why I did not have a uvula. Then I would tell them the story of the tin doll bathtub leg.</div>
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Once Fräuli took me to a military parade on a green square in front of Votivkirche. We came to stand close to a company of soldiers who suddenly began to fire a rifle salute. There was a tremendous bang which resulted in a sharp pain in my ears. I think that my hardness-of-hearing stemmed from this incident. Even as a child, I would often say “What?" when someone said something to me, for just a few seconds after to show that I had understood what had been said.</div>
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Frequently I would be criticized for this. I now realize that my hearing was so bad that I did not immediately understand what was being said; instead, my brain would require a fraction of a second to process sounds which I had heard as fragments into understandable patterns. This slowed the immediate understanding of speech.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pädagogikum</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I started school at the age of six. The school was called Pädagogikum and was situated in Hegel Gasse, about 10 minutes walk from where we lived. It was a teachers college which had a primary school to give the future teachers practice. The class teacher was not an ordinary teacher, but was probably equivalent to a college lecturer and was called “professor.” In the beginning Fräuli took me to school and picked me up, but soon I would go there by myself.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Erik Somer's father and Erik at the soccer stadium. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Courtesy: Erik Somer</span></td></tr>
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My father had an additional job as a physician at Vienna's major soccer stadium which gave us free seats in the first row. I spent many Sundays with him there. I can not remember if I was particularly interested in the game; but I remember clearly that I was always happy to get hot dogs during the intermission.</div>
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Vienna had a chain of food stores called Julius Meinl. Julius Meinl was Danish consul who after World War I, when there was famine in Austria, took part on the organization of a large-scale transportation of Viennese children to Denmark where they then resided with families for a period while recovering. Here in Denmark these children were called Vienna Children.</div>
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During their recovery, many learned to speak Danish. Even after their return to Vienna, Julius Meinl took good care of these children with many of them getting jobs in his stores. As a result, I often could speak Danish when shopping at Meinl. I was often asked to do some shopping for my mother. Occasionally, I would go there with a friend who would be very surprised that I could talk to the staff in a language he did not understood. I had also learned Danish during our many stays in Denmark.</div>
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Every Wednesday, we had standing dinner guests for our hot meal at midday. Two of my father's fellow war doctors would dine with us. Their names were Dr. Balakan and Dr. Krämer. Both a bit shabby, Balakan was a squat, round man while Krämer was tall and strong. They used to amuse themselves with my father recalling memories from World War I. He would often repeat the story about the famine on the Austrian front. The soldiers then told stories about food so distasteful that it should give them loathing for food, so they did not feel hungry.</div>
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One of the more moderate stories was about how Parisians during the German siege in 1870 would be forced to eat rats. Even at the finest restaurants rats were served, prepared according to all the French culinary rules. All this was told while we ate. Oddly enough, the gentlemen at the table did not feel loathing for food thereby. Only my mother did. No wonder she hated the Wednesday dinners. </div>
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Quite early in life, I became a boy scout. I liked the scouting life and was involved in many tours. It was a rule that scouts throughout the year must wear their uniform with short pants and stockings. When it was really cold in the winter, I would have trouble with such dress, but I would not stand to be thought a sissy, and my Father made sure I went on these trips. But, oh, how I would shiver when I returned home. </div>
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When I began in the 3rd grade at school, Ruth, who is two years younger than I, should also start school in Pädagogikum. According to the rules one had to be at least 6 years old before getting access. Ruth's birthday is on 30 September, and then the school already had started. She was only allowed to come to school after her birthday. She was shy and had difficulty getting in contact with the other children, who already knew each other.</div>
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In the beginning I was asked to join her class, so that she should not feel so alone. The professor asked her if she could sing a song. Our songs originated mostly from our contact with nurses and other staff in the clinic, and it were just not common children's songs, we were taught. </div>
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Ruth's first song, sung in Viennese dialect, went as follows: </div>
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Da drobn am Bergerl da steht a Krawat,</div>
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der traut si´ net runter,</div>
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weil er d´ Hosen voll hat. </div>
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(Upon the hill a Croat stands,</div>
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He dares not come down, </div>
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because he has poo in his pants.)</div>
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The song caused joy among the other children. The Professor tried to calm them and asked Ruth if she could sing other songs. Now Ruth was cheerful due to the success of her first song, so she sang: </div>
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Mariandl hat a Woartzen am Knie,</div>
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hat sie abibissen,</div>
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hat in d´ Hosen geschissen,</div>
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aber kann net dafür.</div>
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(Marian has a wart on her knee,</div>
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poo in her pants,</div>
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but can not help it). </div>
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At this point the professor did not want any more songs from Ruth.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">A housing fortress in Vienna</span></div>
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In February 1934 there was a brief civil war in Austria. The last Austrian emperor Karl I abdicated when World War I ended with Austria's defeat. Austria became a republic with the Socialists in power. Vienna was also reigned by Socialists.</div>
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In the post-war years a large municipal housing construction activity took place, mainly with workers' houses in large blocks. Several of these blocks were constructed so that they could be used as fortresses if the Social Democrats felt their power threatened, especially after Mussolini's fascists came to power in neighboring Italy.</div>
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In 1933 the very right-wing Eberhard Dollfuss went into power. He dissolved the parliament and imposed a dictatorship. In February 1934 the Social Democrats rebelled against this regime using the worker housing blocks as fortresses. The government used the army and national guard against the rebels. The workers blocks were bombarded with canons and after a few days the Socialists were defeated. </div>
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I remember these events. We were not allowed to leave the apartment for several days. We were not even allowed to stand close to the windows because we risked that there would be shots fired at us. We could peek behind the curtains, and noticed the chaotic appearance of groups of workers and soldiers marching along the streets. We heard a lot of shooting.</div>
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My Aunt Lola, the wife of the ship director lived in one of the municipal blocks in Floritzdorf, the only district of Vienna, north of the Danube. Her apartment was partly destroyed during the fighting. </div>
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Dollfuss did not last long. In July 34 he was assassinated in a failed Nazi coup. He was followed by Schuschnigg as prime minister, or chancellor as it was called in Austria. He was rather weak and had constantly to give in to German demands. The Nazis acted more and more openly in Vienna. Several of my schoolmates and even teachers paraded openly with Nazi emblems. An uncertain future awaited us. </div>
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In June 1934 my father went to Israel, or rather Palestine as it was called then. He wanted to examine the feasibility of establishing a medical practice there, as he had a premonition that the situation of Jews in Austria could become difficult. He had obtained an entry visa for the whole family.</div>
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In any case, he had to go there himself to apply for a permission to open a medical practice. The British who ruled the country as mandate territory, intended to stop the influx of doctors from abroad by September 1934, and therefore it was important that my Dad had all requirements in hand before then. He had also an expectation that he would work as a physician at a sanitarium in Tiberias for 3 to 4 months of the year and made contact with a group that was about to invest in a large spa and sanitarium there.</div>
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I do not know what my Dad got out of the trip. After a few months he came back via Istanbul. I remember that he brought us sweet confection called halva from there. It is a kind of marzipan made of ground sesame and sugar. I had never tasted it before, but have loved it ever since. He also brought us some baklava, a middle eastern sweet millefeuille biscuits. He told me that they were baked with sheep fat, so I did not touch them. Since then I have learned to love them. </div>
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In 1936, at the end of 4th grade I finished at the Pädagogicum. In August I started at the secondary school Real Gymnasium 1 on Stubenbastei, located only some minutes walk from where we lived. There I would have had to spend 8 years before getting the entrance exam to university. Matura, as it was called.</div>
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Already in the first high school class (which thus corresponds to the 5th grade in Denmark), we had a foreign language - Latin. Other foreign languages, I did not get in school. </div>
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My parents had arranged for teachers who taught us at home in Hebrew and English, doubtless in the expectation that we might want to emigrate to Palestine. I do not know if it was my poor motivation or poor teachers, but I got nothing out of my Hebrew lessons.</div>
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At the secondary school I took part in Jewish religion classes. There were three types of religion classes, one for the largest group the Catholics, one for the Jews and finally there was one for the small group of Protestants. Again, we learned some Hebrew just in order to be able to read from prayer books. This I learned with some difficulty but with the exception of a few words, I did not understand what I read.</div>
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On 12 March 1938 German troops marched into Austria, greeted welcome by large crowds. I will here give an account of the circumstances which led to the Anschluss (Annexation of Austria by Germany). </div>
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At the peace treatment of St. Germain-de-Pré (the palace, where I later came to stay one night) after World War I, it was decided that Austria should be an independent republic, which should keep its independence from Germany and other countries. Austria became a different state, a head without a body.</div>
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In the capital, Vienna, lived one third of the country's 6 million inhabitants. At the Austro-Hungarian double monarchy´s dissolution Austria was cut of from the areas where the population used to obtain its food. The industry lost its raw material suppliers and its traditional markets. The new states, above all Czechoslovakia, surrounded themselves with high tariff walls to foster a new national industry, so Austria was unable to maintain adequate industrial exports. </div>
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As a closer connection to Germany (which many in Austria wanted) was banned by the Allies tried Austria in its distress to get a coin and customs union with Italy (1922), but this also was forbidden by the Allies. During the world economic crisis around 1930 Austria was trying to make an agreement with Germany on a customs union, so that the highly troubled Austrian industry should be able to sell its industrial products to Germany. Also this plan foundered on France's determined resistance. It was therefore no wonder that the reaction thrived in Austria. The country was already under a semi-fascist regime, when Hitler in 1938 with violence annexed Austria to Germany. The beginning of Germany´s conquests.</div>
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This semi-fascist regime began with the Dollfuss coup in 1933, but it was not nazistic, rather closer to Mussolini's regime. The Austrian Nazis, supported by their German brothers, attempted a coup (Putsch) in July 34, Dollfuss was murdered. Mussolini intervened and said that he would come to the assistance of Austria, if Germany attempted to annex the country. </div>
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The next government under Schuschnigg prohibited the Austrian Nazi party. The day after the murder of Dollfuss Hitler appointed von Papen as Germany's ambassador to Austria. Von Papen had been chancellor of Germany in a short period in 1932 and helped Hitler to power in January 1933. Hitler, the new German chancellor, made him vice chancellor again for a shorter period. However, he was opposed to Hitler's brutal exercise of power and was even imprisoned for some days and two of his associates were murdered in June 1934. </div>
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In the letter of appointment Hitler asked von Papen to bring the relationship between the two countries back to normal and friendly relations. Nevertheless he quickly acted in seeking to strengthen the illegal Austrian Nazi party. Although Berlin in 1935 officially stated that it was its policy to avoid anything that might look as if Germany intervened in Austria's internal affairs, von Papen secured a monthly payment of 200,000 Mark to "the poor persecuted National Socialists in Austria." </div>
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His Nazi friendly policy led to an agreement dated 11 July 1936, which on the one side brought relations with Germany to a "normal and friendly condition", but which nevertheless had secret sections arranging for an amnesty for Austrian Nazis, cessation of censorship of Nazi magazines, allowing resumption of the Nazis' political activities and worked for the appointment of ministers in Schuschniggs Cabinet, who were Nazis. The Party Vaterländische Front was still the only legal party in Austria, but von Papen tried to get Nazis into significant positions in the party. </div>
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He pressed Schuschnigg to a conference with Hitler at Berchtesgaden on 12 February 1938. Here, Hitler threatened to invade Austria. Schuschnigg agreed to appoint the Nazi Seyss-Inquart as Interior Minister with responsibility among others for the police. </div>
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On March 9th, Schuschnigg decided that there should be a referendum about Austria's independence. It was to take place on 13 March. On 11 March Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg to cancel the referendum. Goering came with a series of threatening claims to the Austrian government. In particular, Schuschnigg should resign as chancellor, and leave this post to Seyss-Inquart. </div>
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Schuschnigg agreed, and President Miklas, who first refused to approve Schuschnigg´s resignation, gave up and appointed Seyss-Inquart.</div>
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In the meantime, Hitler had given final orders to German troops to march into Austria in the early morning of 12 March. He instructed Seyss-Inquart to use formations of Austrian Nazis to take hold of President Miklas and to take over full control of the Austrian Government. </div>
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While the German troops began their march, Goering telephoned the German Embassy in Vienna and dictated a telegram which Seyss-Inquart should send to Hitler to justify the military action that had already begun. In this telegram Seyss-Inquart should ask Germany to intervene by sending troops to prevent the violent unrest in Austria. Keppler, the German embassy official, who received the call, answered: "Well, there is no unrest." Goering was angry and asked Keppler to show the telegram to Seyss-Inquart. He did not even have to send it, but just respond "accepted". </div>
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Seyss-Inquart never sent the telegram. He did not even telegraph "Accepted".</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Actually, it seems that Seyss-Inquart, after having been appointed chancellor at about 10 am called Keppler and urged him to call Hitler and convey to him a protest against the invasion. Goering was furious. "It would disturb the Führer's rest. The Führer wants to come to Austria the next day " . At 11.15 am a German official in the Propaganda Ministry called the German Embassy in Vienna, where Keppler said to him: “Tell Göring that Seyss-Inquart agrees”.The German troops marched into Austria and met no resistance. The German press announced that Seyss-Inquart had been appointed to succeeded Schuschnigg, and the telegram which Goering had suggested, was quoted to show that Seyss- Inquart had requested the German invasion in order to prevent unrest <br /><br />The next day, on March 13th, Seyss-Inquart issued an act which established Austria's reunion with Germany. He demanded that President Miklas should sign the law. Miklas refused and resigned. He was succeded by Seiss-Inquart, who signed the law on behalf of Austria.<br /><br />The law was issued the same day as it also was introduced in Germany by a Cabinet decree signed by Hitler, Goering and others. Hitler himself went to Austria and gave a speech in Linz, which he regarded as his hometown. On this occasion he read the law. <br /><br />Seyss-Inquart later on became Germany´s governor in the Netherlands, where he was responsible for the extermination of the Dutch Jews. He was sentenced to death by war crime tribunal at Nuremberg and hanged. Von Papen was acquitted in Nuremberg.<br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The source for the above description of the Anschluss is mainly: Talks from the Tribunal at Nuremberg cited </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">in </span>"<a href="http://www.yale.edu%20/%20lawweb%20/%20avalon%20/%20imt%20/%20proc%20/%20judaus.htm" target="_blank">The Avalon Project of the Yale Law School, Judgement: The Invasion of Austria.</a> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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Immediately after the Anschluss the Jews got it in the neck. Jewish shops had windows smashed by stones. "Jude" was written on Jewish stores. Often the Nazis forced the owner or his children to write it. It was mainly the brown-clad SA-militia who led the way. However, ordinary citizens stood and looked on and laughed. All Jewish men and boys were awarded the first name "Israel", whatever they were called in advance. Girls and women were given the first name "Sarah". A Jewish star had to be sewn on clothes belonging to Jews.</div>
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I had to leave school because the Nazi would not have Jewish children to come together with non-Jews. A short while we went to a pure Jewish school, but soon our parents took Ruth and me out of school. Instead we got a private tutor. It was a young Jewish student Hans Kant, who studied with us and in the afternoon took a walk with us.</div>
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Near where we lived, there was a small park close to the Danube Canal. It was below street level close to the water surface. To get to the park one had to walk down a long ramp.</div>
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One day, while Ruth, Hans and I sat on a bench in the park, arrived a bunch of SA-people and shouted to us that Jews were not allowed to sit on the benches and soil them. Now we should be taught a lesson, so that we remembered it. In total there were four male Jews in the park. We were lined up in a row, while many stood and stared at us. The four were: Hans, I, a disabled veteran from world war one and a convalescent after a recently completed hernia surgery. SA men who were equipped with whips, forced us to do 100 deep knee bends. The invalid and the convalescent broke down after a few bends. Hans managed 100 bends. I maybe 50. </div>
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Then we all four had to jump like frogs up the ramp and exit the park. Only Hans and I made it. I however, almost crawling on all fours. Ruth was crying. All other spectators laughed. </div>
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Also at home there were big changes. My parents were divorced. I knew nearly nothing about what was happening. Only that my Father did not sleep at home any more, and that my Mother often wept bitterly. During the day we saw our father in the clinic. It had actually started before the Anschluss. Much later, after we had come to Denmark my Mother and Fräuli told us that my Father had been unfaithful to my mother.</div>
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It was probably due to my parents' divorce that Ruth and I that summer were sent alone on summer vacation. As Jews, we could not get to the normal summer resorts, but Fräuli had some remote family, "Ria-Tant" and her husband. They had a smallholding with orchard in Amstetten, a village near Skt.Pölten not far from Vienna. We lived there, almost hidden. The neighbors should not know that Ria-Tant had Jewish children as guests. I remember that I helped to make apple juice in a huge fruit press.</div>
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It also became evident that my father could not keep his clinic. Institutions of this kind had to be "aryanized", ie. taken over by non-Jews whom the Nazis called "Aryans". After my fathers dead I found in my Father's papers a description of how it happened. It is dated August 2th, 1945: </div>
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"On September 9th, 1938 a commissioner was appointed to be in charge of the “aryanization”of the in clinic. On September 13th, he introduced me to a colleague who should take over the clinic. A Nazi valuer put the clinic's value to 60,000 Reichsmark. The colleague should, however, take over the clinic for only 20,000 Reichsmark, to be repayable in 5000 Reichsmark annually. The money should be deposited in a blocked account. I could not agree to this, because this money would not be available for me if I emigrated.</div>
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On September 23rd at 3 o'clock in the morning I was taken to the Gestapo, where I was accused of opposing the “aryanization”. Therefore, I had to leave the country within 24 hours, otherwise I would be taken into a concentration camp. As I had a permission to emigrate and a visa to Palestine, I left Austria on September 24th and emigrated to Palestine. What since happened to the clinic I do not know. However, I have heard rumors that it was liquidated in June or July 1939. I traveled to Palestine with nothing except the clothes I had put on ".</div>
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It should be added, that the clinic, of course, had a far greater value than what the valuer had decided. The whole process was of course pure fraud. </div>
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I did not see my father's departure, as Mother, Ruth, I, and Fräuli went to Denmark in the beginning of September 1938. I remember our last day in Vienna. Mother and Fräuli were busy packing. Our furniture and our utensils were packed in crates and taken over by a freight forwarder. Some of the furniture had already been converted so that it would better suit the conditions, we could expect in Denmark. For Example, my parents' double bed was converted into two beds with individual mattresses covered with upholstery fabric.</div>
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The journey was by train via Prague and Berlin. At the border of Czechoslovakia, there was a customs officer who carefully searched all our luggage. He was very happy for my stamp collection, saying only that he would confiscate it. My Mother could not manage to protest. In Berlin, we stayed one night at a hotel before we went to Denmark.</div>
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Uncle Mario picked us up with his car at the central train station and drove us to his giant villa on Strandvej 845 in Springforbi, north of Copenhagen. Along the way, we were admonished not to call him “Uncle Grandpa” anymore. </div>
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Mario had some years earlier married his secretary Trudi (née Nathan). She was much younger than Mario, of German descent and very beautiful. She did not appreciate that her husband was called grandpa. They had at that time two children, the oldest Miriam 3 years old and the youngest Dan 1 year old. </div>
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Rather soon there developed a certain distance between my mother and Fräuli on one side and aunt Trudi on the other. Fräuli was critical of the nanny and my mother of the cook, and Trudi was generally dissatisfied with having us four around in the house. </div>
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Mario also had an apartment on the second floor of Vendersgade 33 in Copenhagen (in one of the houses with two towers). He had lived here before he moved to Springforbi and he had also had his main office on the ground floor. Several of the rooms in the apartment rooms were tenanted, but some of the tenants were given notice of termination and then we could move in there. We got along well with our tenants who could use the bathroom, but not the kitchen where mainly my mother ruled. </div>
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We had not been in this country for long before mother was informed by the authorities that we would not be granted residence permit in Denmark, this despite the fact that my mother previously had lived in Denmark for many years and in spite of the fact that Uncle Mario would take financial responsibility for us, so we would not be a financial burden to society. To send us back to Austria/Germany would mean a certain death for us, and it became unfortunately the fate of others. </div>
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With Mario´s financial assistance, he found a Dane who was willing to marry my mother pro forma, and thus mother got married by the mayor in Taarbæk on December 22nd, 1938. My mother's formal name became Hanna Ram-Pedersen. After the war, mother separated from her "husband", Axel Louis Ram-Pedersen, whom I have never met. </div>
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Shortly after we moved to Vendersgade, I was enrolled in the German St. Petri school because my knowledge of Danish was not good enough to allow immediate enrollment into a Danish public school. I attended second grade of the secondary school, which corresponds to the seventh academic year.</div>
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It was awful. Most of the children and also several of the teachers were Nazis. Therefore, I was terribly bullied. There was only one boy who was really nice to me. It was the son of the German vicar. His name was Gerlach. He invited me often to his fathers rectory at the St. Petri Church.</div>
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The whole thing lasted only briefly, because after just a few months I spoke enough Danish to enter a Danish public school, Elligkors (Holy Cross) School in Nørrebro. My school mates were mostly working class children who themselves had to earn money while they went to school. Most of them were delivery boys working from early in the morning. When they came to school, they fell asleep.</div>
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I remember that one of the boys worked for a merchant who was supplier to the Royal court. He boasted much of his errands to the Royal Palace, where he delivered the goods. He claimed that the toilets had red velvet on the seats. He had noticed that when he was asked to distribute toilet tissue rolls. I have never had occasion to determine whether it was true, but he was a boaster, so it was probably not.</div>
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Many carrier bikes were parked in the schoolyard. Many of the children came directly to the school from their delivery jobs. Our school separated boys and girl classes, and there were no dealings between the sexes. I did quite well in school. Actually, after one year, although I turned 13 years of age this year 1939, I was number one in Danish. </div>
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According to Jewish custom a boy at this age has to undergo the religious initiation ceremony called Bar Mitzwah. It corresponds somewhat to the Christian confirmation. The Hebrew term Bar Mitzwah means “Son of duty or of commandment”. Being Bar Mitzwah means that one from then on is accepted as adult in the synagogue. One can, inter alia, get the task to read in public from the Torah - the five books of Moses. This takes place in the morning worship on the Sabbath, where the Torah is read in an annual cycle.</div>
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The essential action for the Bar Mitzwah is that the boy performs that day's reading from the Torah in the synagogue. The ceremony takes place on of the first Sabbat after the boys 13th birthday. In my case it was on Saturday, September 2nd. The five books of Moses are found in a number of Torah scrolls in a sacred cabinet in the front end of the synagogue. </div>
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The highlight of the service is when the scroll with today's text is taken from the cabinet. The text is handwritten on parchment, which is rolled up on two sticks. By turning the sticks one finds the text of that day. The Torah scrolls are placed vertically in the cabinet. Each scroll is wrapped in a beautiful embroidered velvet sheath and fitted with a silver badge stating the content. The top sticks are decorated with silver caps, fitted with small bells or other ornaments. </div>
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The Rabbi or an appointed member of the congregation takes the Torah scroll from the cabinet and carries it to the lecture desk located in the middle of the synagogue. He removes the velvet sheath and opens the scroll so that the day's text appears where the member of the congregation comes to the desk. He begins with a prayer blessing the Torah and reads the text with a chanting, singing voice. The reader's shoulder is covered with a prayer shawl in white silk inscribed.</div>
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A couple of months before my Bar Mitzwah I went to the synagogue to prepare for the reading. My teacher was Mr. Margolinsky. He was an assistant rabbi and had in particular the task to repair the text in the often very old parchment scrolls where the text might have been worn. This was done with a quill pen and special ink. I had some knowledge of Hebrew script and could read a text slowly without understanding it.</div>
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In the texts that I was used to, words appeared with both consonants and vowels. Vowels in Hebrew are shown as dots or small characters below the consonants. The Torah is written only with consonants. Therefore, one has to know the language in order to figure out which vowels each word has. Thus, I was not able to read the text. I had almost to learn it by heart, but had some help from the consonants. Moreover, I had to learn to read the text with the proper accompanying melody. Finally, of course, I had to understand today's text. Gradually, I learned the text and would then practice in reading it. </div>
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While I was reading, Margolinsky worked at another table repairing other scrolls. However, his attention was firm. He corrected me immediately if I made a mistake in text or melody. The text was written with very little space between the lines and with very close and rather small letters. In order not to get lost in the text one had a pointer of silver, which ended with a small hand. In good time before my Bar Mitzwah I could do it all, but I was somewhat afraid of standing in front of the whole congregation with the rabbi at my side and chanting the text. After the service there should be a celebration at home in Vendersgade with family.</div>
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The day of my Bar Mitzwah, September 2nd, did have a very chaotic progress. The day before, World War II began when Germany marched into Poland. The following day England and France declared war against Germany. Also in Denmark there was considerable nervousness. Heavy restrictions were imposed on foreigners wanting to enter into Denmark. </div>
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My uncle Monek came from Belgium in late August. He had received a visa for only a few days. But on September 1st, he was told to leave the country immediately. He had to leave before my Bar Mitzwah. My mother and uncle Mario, who were in charge of the event, were busy communicating with authorities to ensure that as many as possible of those who had come from outside the Danish border, would be allowed to stay. Everyone's thoughts were elsewhere than at my Bar Mitzwah. </div>
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The whole family escorted me to the synagogue on the morning of September 2nd. I was for the first time in my life wearing long pants (so far I had only used short pants or plus fours). I had a soft felt hat on my head and in my hand I held a velvet bag with my prayer shawl. In the synagogue, I was placed on the front bench, where otherwise only fine dignitaries had their seats. </div>
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After the rabbi had taken the Torah scroll from the cabinet and spread it on the reading desk, I was called up. During my reading, the rabbi stood beside me and pointed at the text with the pointer. Another boy reading the text that day, was also ready to prompt me, but it all went flawlessly. </div>
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I do not remember anything from the party afterwards, probably because everything was so chaotic. Everyone was concerned about our family in Poland, that was now exposed to the ravages of the Germans. As it turned out, they all perished in gas chambers.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>ESCAPE TO SWEDEN</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the government was removed, Hitler decided that now might be the right time to arrest the Danish Jews. However, a Danish politicians and through him the Jewish community were informed by a German that an action was imminent. Historians are somewhat divided about the background of the German warnings.<br /><br />It seems that the warning came via the marine attaché at the German Embassy in Copenhagen Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, who after liberation was highly praised for this action. He even became the German Ambassador to Denmark in the years after the war. The "official" version of the story is that it was his noble-mindedness that made him reveal the sinister German plans. And this is also the background in Duckwitz own report from 1946.<br /><br />However, recent research (Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies) has demonstrated that Duckwitz (against his own denial) was a senior SS officer, and raises doubts about his motives. It seems that the SS in Denmark was afraid that a large-scale action against the Jews would create strong revolt tendencies in Denmark which it could be difficult to manage, and thus warned against the enterprise. There are even (uncertain) allegations that the top German leader in Denmark, Werner Best, had been in Sweden asking the Swedes to prepare for the expected refugees, and that the majority of smaller German patrol ships simultaneously were sent for repair so as not to impede transport across the Sound between Sweden and Denmark.<br /><br />In any case, the Danes succeeded in helping more than 6000 Jews to come to Sweden in small boats during a few days. However, 472 Jews were arrested and sent to the concentration camp Theresienstadt in the present Czech Republic. Fortunately, Theresienstadt was not a real extermination camp at least for the Danes, so the majority survived. In the last days of war they were brought home by the Swedish Red Cross, together with Danish and Norwegian concentration camp prisoners.<br /><br />It should be added that the Danish official policy which was rather friendly towards cooperation with Germany might be a major reason that Danish Jews survived the occupation better than Jews in most other occupied countries. This cooperation, however, was definitely also in Germany's interest, partly because it ensured a good supply to Germany of Danish food and other essential war commodities, and partly because the occupation could be carried out with far less German troops compared to what had been required by a brutal occupation.<br /><br />The importance for the Jews of the Danish cooperation policy should not be interpreted to mean that the Danish Government was particularly friendly towards Jews. Indeed, continued expulsions of Jewish refugees to Germany took place, just as Jews who held Swedish entry visa were denied to leave Denmark. <br /><br />Actually a top officer of the Police informed the Germans about these people. When the Danish government became aware that Germany would launch a persecution of the Jews, there was a suggestion from the government to the German governor Werner Best to keep the Jews in Danish concentration camps instead of sending them to German one. <br /><br />This was rejected by Best which was lucky for the Jews, for if Denmark had performed the executioners task of collecting the Jews in Danish camps, it would have been easy for the Germans subsequently to send them to Germany, just as it happened with the Danish communists, who after having been interned in Denmark were taken by the Germans into German concentration camps.It therefore seems quite right that the Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen in 2005 has given the Jews in Denmark an apology for the treatment they got from the Danish government before and during the occupation.<br /><br />At the end of September 1943, it was clear to us that a German action was directly imminent, and we decided to go underground. My mother was on the pretext of illness admitted to Bispebjerg Hospital, where her name Hanna Ram- Pedersen secured her from being discovered as a Jew.<br /><br />Simultaneously, it was agreed that my sister Ruth and I should take refuge at my good friends, the Thyssen family at Sandal near Frederikssund. Fräuli took us there by train. We were placed in a guest room on the first floor of the main building. We were told not to leave the house, so that others should not discover us. Mrs. Thyssen, in particular, was rather nervous about the situation.<br /><br />After the German action against Jews was launched in the night of October 3rd, it seemed to her to hear German voices in the bushes around the farm. Ruth and I were about to go to bed when Mrs.Thyssen came up to us and said that we had to hide in the straw in the barn. Ruth and I did not particularly like this idea. We also reassured Mrs. Thyssen, so that we could go to bed and sleep.<br /><br />Approx. 14 days later Fräuli phoned and said that now we should be picked up. My uncle Mario had contact with a group that organized crossings to Sweden and my Mother, Ruth and I should make use of this transport together with him and his family.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fräuli came by train to Sandal. She had a suitcase with clothes for us. We should put them on, one on top of the other, because we could not have hand luggage on the transport. Ruth and I got berets pulled down over our dark hair, in order not to be easily recognizable as Jews, and the we took the train back to Copenhagen.<br /><br />On the train there were several people who wished us a good trip, so we did not manage to disguise ourselves. At the Central Station in Copenhagen we shifted to another train to Klampenborg - a suburb north of Copenhagen near the coast. It was prearranged that Fräuli on the platform in Klampenborg should take contact with a man with crutches, who would react to the watchword "Christian".<br /><br />Fräuli went back and forth on the platform and whispered, "Christian" to many men, but nobody reacted. Finally, she found a man with a cane. It proved to be the right one. He had indeed no crutches and did not know anything about the watchword "Christian", but when he saw the two Jewish children together with Fräuli, he realized that it was us he should take care of. We then took leave of Fräuli, who as a non-Jew could stay in Denmark and take care of our apartment in Vendersgade. We did not see her again until after the liberation in 1945.<br /><br />The man took us by car to Holte, where we were put up in a large villa, which belonged to a Supreme Court lawyer. He and his family were not at home, so the house was exclusively inhabited by refugees. There I met my Mother, my uncle and his family. We stayed there one night. The next day, my uncle realized that there were problems with the planned transport.<br /><br />Somehow he made contact with a police officer who had relations to another transport option from Taarbaek Harbour. Meanwhile, several other refugees had come to the lawyer ́s villa. It was decided that we would all should go to Taarbaek. One of my uncle ́s employees Mr. Grundsøe got hold of four taxis which should take us to Taarbaek. We were divided into the cars. <br /><br />My family and I got to sit in the second car while my uncle and his family came with the fourth car. The cars drove southwards to Taarbæk along the Coastal Road. Just north of Taarbaek the road divides into two branches. The left one leads to Taarbaek harbor, the right one bypasses Taarbaek and continues southward towards Copenhagen. The first car drove towards Taarbaek harbor, but shortly after the fork the car was stopped by a German patrol. All passengers in the car were taken by the Germans and ended up in concentration camp. The driver of car number two, where my mother, sister and I sat, discovered that the first car had been stopped by the Germans.<br /><br />Immediately he turned the car down the right path. Approximately one hundred meter after the fork the road goes over a bridge, under which a path leads to Taarbaek harbor. There we stopped,and via a very steep slope, we came down to the road leading to the harbor. A little further one we met the police officer who took us to a fisherman ́s house at the harbor.<br /><br />We were guided down to the basement, where there already sat several other refugees. A little later came the passengers of car number four. It was my uncle Mario and his family. He told us that car number three went along the left path and there everybody again was taken by the Germans. The driver of car number four did just as the second car and drove to the right, and in the same way as we arrived my uncle's family to the fisherman ́s house.<br /><br />Now we waited to be picked up by the fishing boat which should sail us to Sweden. But a little before midnight came the policeman and told us that a German patrol vessel had entered the harbor. Therefore, we could not be taken up by the boat there.<br /><br />Taarbaek harbor: We waited in the yellow house with red roof. The fishing boat would sail alone out of the harbor, as if it should go fishing. Further out, the boat would turn towards the coast further north where the refugees had to wait for the boat at a jetty. So we waited again in the basement. Soon after, the police officer came and told us that one half of the refugees should sneek along the coastal road to the jetty about one kilometer north of the harbor. The boat was only able to carry around 25 refugees and we were approximately fifty.<br /><br />We were disappointed not to come with the first group. It was clear weather, and the moon would soon rise. At a later transport, we would be more visible. We were sorry about that, but there was nothing we could do about it. After a further one hour the policeman came and said that now another boat had left for the jetty. <br /><br />So now the rest of the company should leave. We walked in small groups towards the North along the coastal road. My mother, sister and I went together. Suddenly, we heard the characteristic sound of a German truck coming from the north. Now we had to hide in a hurry.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We were just passing a nearly two meter high dense hedge on the left side of the road. In one way or another we all three got over this hedge. To this day I can not understand how my tiny mother managed to climb the hedge. Behind the hedge, we saw the German car pass and soon after we slipped out through the gate of the garden and came to the jetty. There already waited most of the refugees who should go on this boat.<br /><br />Soon after we heard the fishing boat come chugging and we were quickly herded aboard. It was, was I already said, clear weather, and the moon had risen. There was phosphorescence in the water surrounding the boat, and on the Swedish side we saw a string of lights along the coast. <br /><br />Unlike Denmark, Sweden had no blackout. When we came out in the Sound, we were discovered by the German patrol boat in Taarbæk harbor. A machine gun started shooting with tracer ammunition toward the boat. Fortunately, the shots went too high.<br /><br />I can not remember that I was scared. Only that it all was an amazingly beautiful scene with the moon, the phosphorescence in the water, the beautiful string of lights in Sweden and even the string of glowing projectiles over the heads of us. When we had come about.half way to the Swedish island of Ven in the middle of the Sound between Denmark and Sweden, where we should go ashore, a small Swedish naval vessel came towards us and went between us and the Germans in order to protect us. We were now in Swedish territorial waters and the machine gun fire ceased. We sailed against Ven's north coast where there is a small harbor town Kyrkbakken.<br /><br />Coming closer to this harbor, we noticed several Swedish boats sailing around with projectors lighting up the sea. We did not know what that meant, but we got soon to know that the first fishing boat by a wrong manoeuvre was run down by a Swedish naval vessel that intended to protect it from the Germans just as we were. Seven of those on board drowned. So after all we were happy that we did not come with the first boat. Shortly after we were in the harbour. We were received by a Swedish soldier with the words: "Welcome, here you can sing freely."<br /><br />I know it sounds trite, but up on the quayside several of us sang the Swedish national anthem, "You old, you free, you montain rich north". We were brought up to Kyrkbakken ́s small cinema where we sat down waiting for a preliminary registration. So we fell asleep on the seats. The next morning we sailed to Landskrona and were taken to the barracks, where each got a straw mattress and some food. Furthermore, we all got fleas.<br /><br />Before I tell you further about our stay in Sweden I will tell you about something that happened at the same time back in Denmark. At the Metropolitan high school had my schoolmates and teachers obviously noticed that I no longer met in school. But they did not know what had happened to me. On September 3rd, when the newspapers wrote about the German raid against the Jews, the class gathered and decided to go on strike.<br /><br />One of my mates, Hugh Zachariae, who later became a professor in Aarhus, phoned around to other high schools and the next day all Danish high schools went into strike in protest against the persecution of the Jews.. The strike was only called off several days later. Hugh has a few years ago written his memoirs where he tells about this incident. Hugh has actually been one of my inspirations for also to write my memoirs.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />When we came to Sweden, we were absolutely sure that our stay would be limited. 1943 was a turning point in the war with a significant downturn for the Germans and their allies. Already in January Stalingrad had fallen with over 90,000 Germans taken prisoner. Throughout the year the Germans were driven progressively from Russia. In Africa, the Germans and Italians capitulated in May with 250,000 men captured. In July, the Allies landed in Sicily and on 8 September Italy capitulated.<br /><br />Around the time of our flight to Sweden, Italy even declared war on Germany after Mussolini was overthrown. The USA which had joined the war in the late '41 after the bombing of Pearl Harbour, started to recover more and more of the areas the Japanese had initially taken. In Europe, the German air force was virtually wiped out, so that the Allies almost without disturbance could carry out heavy bombardments of Germany's cities. We were full of confidence over the war's eventual outcome.<br /><br />After a night in Landskrona, we traveled to Gothenburg, where a refugee camp had been installed at Sahlgrenska Hospital, where we were housed in large dormitories. There we stayed for about 14 days. Then we managed to get a room in a guesthouse at Södra Avenue where we - my Mother, Ruth and I - got a room for sharing.<br /><br />Also other refugees lived in the guest house. Among others, we became good friends with a daughter of Sigmund Freud. From the Swedish side, much was done to make private people open their homes and summer houses for refugees. In about a week, it was our turn. A teacher's family in Härryda, about 40 km from Gothenburg had a small guest house "Lillstugan" (the small cabin) next to their own house. It was placed at our disposal.<br /><br />The teacher's family, Wilhelm Clarin, his wife Eva and little boy Kjelleve, gave us a hearty welcome. So did actually the whole Härryda with the stationmaster, grocery store and farm owners. My mother kept them as friends throughout her life even after we had returned to Denmark.<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Lillstugan was a tiny house of approx. 20 square meters. There was a small room where I slept on a sofa, next to that was an alcove with two beds on top of each other for Ruth and my mother. There was also a tiny kitchen with wood stove and a basement with toilet and firewood. The house was near a small stream, and had a small garden. It was mother's home for the rest of the war, while Ruth and I after some time moved to Gothenburg, as we will hear later on.<br /><br />I came to Sweden wearing several sets of clothes on top of each other, but unfortunately I had only one shirt. The Swedes had asked people to give used clothing for the refugees. When it was my turn there was only one shirt that fit me. It was a white waffle fabric shirt with stiff chest and detachable wing collars, intended for evening dress. As there was no alternative, I was happy to get it.<br /><br />It was now time that I went on with my studies. At this time there were no high school opportunities for me. My ideas about my future went mostly in the direction of becoming an astronomer, but I was aware that this required extremely good math skills. Although I was pretty good in mathematics, I was aware that I was not good enough. Therefore, I wanted to become an engineer. I had the opportunity to get an apprentice job at a machine shop and thought it might be useful.<br /><br />I began to work on Ljunggrens Mekaniska Verkstad where projectors and other equipment for the theater and movie industry were manufactured. I was handed a gray work coat and was set to drill tiny holes in castings on a drilling machine. I probably did not exercise sufficient care, because the delicate drills constantly got broken in the casting with the result that the object would have to be discarded.<br /><br />I was then transferred to cleanup work. One day I would wear the shirt I had from Denmark and the next day the white shirt with the wing collar, while my mother washed the other one in Härryda. I took the train to work and back home and sparked amusement on the train when I came with the white shirt with wing collar.<br /><br />Around the turn of 1943/44, a Danish school was established in Gothenburg including high school. I was immediately admitted there, and my mechanic apprentice career came to an abrupt end. Both teachers and students were a mixed bunch. Approximately half of the students were Jewish refugees, the other half young people who had to flee because of work with the Danish Underground. Some of the teachers were highly educated university professors.<br /><br />For instance, I had Professor Sven Henningsen in History, a professor of Contemporary History and Political Science at the University of Copenhagen. In biology we had Dr. Finn Salomonsen, ornithologist at the University of Copenhagen (and father of singer Sanne Salomonsen). He was a womanizer and could not take his hands off the two girls in my class. Other teachers had a normal teacher education</span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br />My Danish teacher was Mr. Hyldgaard-Jensen, legal resident in Sweden, since he was teaching Danish at Swedish high schools. His wife was a Swedish teacher and she taught us Swedish. They both perished in a shipwreck in the Kattegat after the war.<br /><br />Other teachers were young students at the Technical University. Thus, my physics and chemistry teacher was Viggo Oehlenschlaeger, student in chemistry at the Technical University of Denmark. The school headmaster was a high school teacher, Gudrun Henriques. The overall supervision of the school was provided by Prof. Franz Blatt, a classical scholar from the University of Copenhagen.<br /><br />Among the students I had most contact with was Axel Randrup. His father was butcher and was known in Denmark as "The Steak”. In his younger days he opposed a group of vegetarians, who claimed that vegetarians were stronger than meat eaters. To prove the point a highly publicized race was organized between him and a well know vegetarian called “The Banana.” ”The Steak” won the race. Axel's sister Judith was also in the class. Axel's mother was Jewish , and for that reason they fled to Sweden. <br /><br />The class also contained 3 to 4 young high school students from Odense who had to flee because of their participation in the public uprising in Odense leading up to August 28th, 1943 defiance of the Nazis. The oldest in the class was named Gleisner. He posed as an author, but never could tell what he had written. He was gay and consorted much with very young Swedish soldiers, whom he called his “syslings” a made-up Danish word somehow indicating remote family relations.<br /><br />My class and the one below had the Vogel brothers, who changed their name after the war to Foigel. One of them later became the Minister of Taxation. The class was mixed, partly corresponding to the modern side of the grammar school, partly the science side. We had some common courses, e.g., Danish and history, but split up for specialized subjects.<br /><br />Shortly after the school had been established, we moved into a dormitory for Danish high school students. It was in a small manor called Pixbo, near a beautiful lake. Here I shared a room with a school mate, whom I will call "K". He was very preoccupied with religion and was initially studying at a Catholic seminary in Gothenburg. Despite his religiosity, he cursed and swore like a trooper. Early in the morning he had to go to matins in the Catholic Church. I was awakened by his rummaging in the room: "Where the hell is my prayer book. " - "Well, God damn it, here it is."<br /><br />His Catholicism did not last. He switched to Buddhism. It became visible as he went clad in a linen sheet and therefore switched to a women's bike. I gradually got used to his behavior. Once we would ride together to Lund, where there also was a Danish high school. During the war, the Swedes had removed all street signs in order not to facilitate the entry of an invader. We came to a fork in the road but did not know what road we should take.<br /><br />A Swedish peasant in a horse cart came slowly towards the fork. When he saw the strange man dressed in linen, he tightened the reins and stopped abruptly. We asked him about the way to Lund, but he just gaped: "What kind of a fellow are you?" he asked K. "I am Buddhist" K. replied in his best Swedish, as he rose in the saddle. He could not fool the farmer. "But you speak Danish" said the farmer. "Well, I am a Danish Buddhist " said K. Then the farmer said "Gee!" and went away. Somehow we made it to Lund.<br /><br />Later K joined the Danish Brigade, formed by refugees in order to drive out the Germans from Denmark after their defeat. The brigade had its camp near Uppsala, north of Stockholm. He wanted to go there by bike. It is a very long trip, especially when you are wearing a sheet. I bet him that he wouldn't make it. He went off and every day he sent us unstamped postcards from the places he had come to. We had to pay the penalty postage.<br /><br />Finally he came to the Brigade, where he had to replace his sheet with a uniform. He sent us a gloating unstamped postcard from there. We found a cobblestone, which we wrapped and sent as a "beneficiary pays" to him with a accompanying letter in which we wrote that this stone took a load off our mind when we heard that he had made the trip successfully. Then we did not hear from him for a long time.<br /><br />Eventually, he came limping back to Gothenburg. He had grown tired of the brigade and in order to get out of service he had cut the toes of one foot with an ax. I lost contact with him, but met him once after the war in Denmark. We greeted each other with a nod. He looked very shabby.<br /><br />In May - June 1944, I had finished high school and needed to take the examination for the General Certificate which would allow me to study at a university. It was pretty hard because I had actually only attended the last grade since January, and thus lost half of the academic year. In addition, several of our teachers were assistants. We were given the impression that this would be taken into consideration when evaluating our performance at the actual exam.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I noticed this concession especially at the oral examination in physics. (I've told this story many times and each time people have a hard time believing it.) At my 75-year anniversary I got a greeting from my old teacher, Viggo Oehlenschlaeger. I will let his translated letter tell the story. By the way, Harald Bohr who is mentioned in the letter, was the brother of Niels Bohr and Professor of mathematics at the University of Copenhagen.<br /><br />August 2001<br /><br />Dear Somer,<br /><br />With my birthday greetings I want to tell you that you have played an important role in my stories about what happened during our stay in Sweden. Here is my story:<br /><br />As teacher in physics at the high school I facilitated the final examination in physics where the external examiner was the lovable Harald Bohr. Your performance was fair, but not in any way outstanding.<br /><br />When voting on the evaluation, I had to seriously wrestle with my own sense of justice when Harald Bohr suggested giving you the highest possible mark. I questioned whether I should oppose him and lower your mark. So I opened the door and told you and your school mates waiting outside during the voting that you had got the highest mark, an A. You exploded: “But Viggo, that is impossible!!” Harald got exited. He rushed to the door and explained how difficult the problem was which you had to tell about and how convincing and qualified you tackled the problem.<br /><br />It had been a pleasure to listen to you. What happened later on I do not remember. I hope that you can recall this story.<br /><br />Kind regards<br /><br />Viggo, who still is going strong.<br /><br />Teachers and examiners knew that I wanted to study engineering. I suspect that they did their bit to ensure that I got more than the required examination result. They also succeeded far beyond expectations. My average was full marks A. If I had graduated from the Metropolitan School in Copenhagen I would not have got such high marks.<br /><br />We could now become university students. This was celebrated according to Danish traditions. Danish student caps were transported to us illegally across the Sound. We drove around Gothenburg in a carriage decorated with Danish flags and flowers, which caused quite a stir because it was not a tradition in Sweden. The new-born students driving through Gothenburg followed by their female admirers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br />Then it was time for a well-deserved summer vacation. I had the opportunity to get on a Nordic youth work camp in Roslagen, an area north of Stockholm around Uppsala. The place was called Upplands-Väsby. It was a camp organized by the “Frisksportar” movement, which was based on the Norwegian Are Waterland's ideas of a lacto-vegetarian diet together with physical activities. There were lots of cooked potatoes, peas and beans, fruits and kruska, a porridge made of oatmeal, wheat bran, raisins, and water. Alcohol and smoking were not permitted.<br /><br />During the day we worked in the field. In the evening there was singing and play after a hearty meal with lots of legumes. We slept in large dormitories, and there was a very lively farting due to the evening meal. <br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the Frisksportar-camp I went to another Nordic Youth Camp for male students. It took place at Lundberg Boarding School in Värmland. The boarding school was located in a beautiful area with woods and lakes. There were good swimming opportunities including swimming competitions. Here I won the competition in the 200 meter breaststroke. The woods surrounding the school held lots of chanterelles and often in my spare time I would pick these delicious fungi. I cooked them in the kitchen and enjoyed them at the common evening meal. For this reason I was nicknamed “Chanterelle.”<br /><br />We also spent Midsummer there according to Swedish traditions. Some of us who had been Boy Scouts were told to prepare a bonfire on a bare rocky hill in the woods. The traditional Midsummer speech was held by the school principal, who was a priest and dressed in full Swedish priest vestments.<br /><br />After some glorious camp trips, I lived a while in Lillstugan in Härryda with my mother. She had a job embroidering for a fashion salon, where she embroidered for a paltry salary sequins and other decorations on evening gowns. She got the material and drawings of the decoration at the salon and worked at home. There were very often tight deadlines for her work, so my mother often had to sew day and night. <br /><br />I started my studies in chemical engineering at the Chalmers Technical University in Gothenburg in the beginning of September. It was a tradition that the first year students were hazed by the older students. It started when we at the Students' Association should pick up the drawing for a "Zero-breastplate", i.e., a rectangular plate, that we had to wear on a cord around our neck every day. The picture was drawn so that it was impossible to construct it correctly. It gave rise to the first skirmishes with upperclass men because no matter how you made it, the older students would criticize it. On a sign-up table, the older students would place their comments about the poor first year students who at that time were called zero year students.<br /><br />After a month it was time to be inaugurated as first year students.. This took place in a ceremonial party in Chalmers new chemistry building, which stood on a rocky hillock on the outskirts of the town. Under the lowest floor of the building there was an uneven space with the raw rock at the bottom and the ceiling of the lowest level at the top. One could only move through it by crawling. Access to it was through small hatches. The poor zero-students were sent into this basement, where it was pitch-dark. Guided by a taut string, one could follow the route.<br /><br />I was subjected to other hardships. I was told that I as a chemist should learn to know products of chemistry and soil. The chemical product I should taste was shoe polish. Strangely enough, it didn't taste so bad; but when I got a schnapps to wash it down, it tasted disgusting. Then I had to try one of the products of soil. It was an earthworm covered with soil particles.<br /><br />One of the older students held it between two fingers and the worm writhed in despair until I got it in my mouth. Oh, thank God, it was not a live earthworm but a soft-boiled macaroni, which was colored pink and rolled in burnt breadcrumbs. It was only the guy who held it and rolled it between his fingers and I who knew that. Everyone else thought it to be a real worm, and I left them with that impression. I was praised for carefully chewing it before I swallowed.<br /><br />As a university student, I could not live in Pixbo anymore. I moved into a boarding house a little further up the street. People not living there could also eat there. For lunch there was a large buffet with lots of Norway lobster. It was cooked on the day before and placed in a locked pantry but with a window on the courtyard that was open. <br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From one of our rooms, we could reach out to the large platter with lobster, and it happened that in the evening we would appropriate one or two. Among the students of my year at Chalmers was another Danish refugee, namely my high school buddy Axel Randrup.<br /><br />In Gothenburg, there was also a dormitory for female refugee students. My sister Ruth lived there amongt others. There, Axel had met a lush red-haired girl, 10 years older than he. Her name was Ellen Pedersen. She was daughter of a longshoreman in Odense. She was one of the many students who had to flee from Odense after the uprising in late august 1943. To Axel's mother's great despair, Ellen became his great love until Axel returned home in May 1945. Ellen and I also were good friends (platonic) and it lasted even after our return to Denmark.<br /><br />Axel also introduced me to someone else who had a great impact on my development. It was an old bank clerk, Nils Dreilick. He had a nice apartment with a huge library together with his sister. Axel arranged for me being invited to afternoon tea with Nils and it was a friendship that lasted for many years. Because of Nils I became greatly interested in literature, particularly Swedish writers. It turned out later on that Nils was homosexual, but neither Axel nor I noted that.<br /><br />Nils had a good friend Torsten Thorsell, a retired rector of a boy boarding school in Kungelv, a city about 40 km from Gothenburg. We visited him several times, but then he moved to Gothenburg. Thorsten became like a father for me. He was also homosexual, but again it was not something I experienced. Thorsten had in his youth been secretary for Ellen Key, an important Swedish writer who was active in the period before and after 1900. Ellen Key was among others a close friend of the Austrian/Czech writer Rainer Maria Rilke, whom Thorsten also had met. Rilke was for me a great experience. He became and still is my favorite writer.<br /><br />Through my acquaintance with Thorsten and Nils I became interested in becoming a writer myself. I wrote a few poems and continued with this activity for a while after my return to Denmark.<br /><br />Nils and Torsten's influence led me to consider a shift to a humanistic education. I began to follow lectures and tutorials at Gothenburg University in philosophy and psychology. Eventually I had to give this up, because it did not fit it with my chemistry studies.<br /><br />In 1944 – 45 while studying at Chalmers, I had two female acquaintances. The one was named Franzi Feldmann and was a German/Jewish refugee. She was a nursing student and lived in a dormitory for student-refugees. The other one was Chris Johansson. She was about to take an office education. I was still very insecure and inexperienced but these relationships did not last long. I met Chris many years later in Denmark, where we lived together for two years after a divorce from my first wife. <br /><br />In early 1945 we followed world events with increasing attention. We were aware that Germany was about to fall. We listened to the BBC Danish broadcasts and heard the message of the German capitulation in Northern Europe on May 4th.<br /><br />I called Chris and several of my Danish friends. We agreed to meet at Göta square, a central place in Gothenburg to celebrate that the war now was over. At the agreed time I went to Göta square, but so did over 100,000 others. It took a long time to find my friends. The whole evening we went singing and cheering through Gothenburg.<br /><br />At midnight we met a police officer. He came towards us, so we lowered our voice, but he said he had received the order that this night we were allowed to make as much noise as we wanted. Arm-in-arm with him we walked along singing and screaming.<br /><br />Most Danish refugees returned home in the days after May 5th. So did my mother and sister Ruth. I had decided that I would take the 1st year exam at Chalmers, as there was an agreement with the Danish Technical University that the Swedish exam would be approved in Denmark. I was examined by Swedish professors according to the Danish curriculum.<br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br />The last period in Sweden I shared a room with Ivan Malinovski who was in love with my sister and later became her husband. He became one of Denmark ́s most well-known poets.<br /><br />I moved back to Denmark in July 1945.<br /><br />This is the end of this story.<br /><br />When writing this in 2016, I am 89 years old. If you should be interested in reading what happened to me later in life, you can read my memoirs on my homepage: www.erik-somer.dk. Click on memoirs (in English).<br /><br />Thank you for your attention.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>Published with kind permission</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>Written by </b></span><b style="font-size: 14pt;">Prof. Emeritus LEO GOLDBERGER</b></div>
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<i>One of my enduring memories was a particular lesson we had in geometry, conducted by our school’s outside math inspector, Niels Bohr’s younger professor Harald Bohr, a mathematician. </i></div>
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<i>Standing at the blackboard he enthusiastically tried to convey the “obviousness” of the Pythagorean theorem for solving the parallelogram, not arithmetically but “intuitively” by having us simply look at the lines he scribbled on the board. We were all a bit dumbfounded and in frustration he kept saying: “can’t you see it; just look at the board, it shines out at you!”</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For starters I must say that one of the most memorable aspects of my and my family’s stay in Sweden from October 2, 1943 to June 6, 1945 as refugees from Denmark was the generous hospitality and genuine concern for the welfare of all of us by the Swedes—from officials to the ordinary folks one might encounter, their goodwill towards us was most heartening in our time of need.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Beginning with the major influx of the Danish Jews during October, 1943, totaling some 7000, there were also a growing number of non-Jewish Danes, about 10.000 in all, who (often accompanied by their immediate family) were on the run from the Nazis because of their involvement in the resistance movement. Needless to say it became quite a logistical problem for the Swedes to insure they were all properly housed and fed, if not also placed in suitable jobs across the country to the extent possible. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Four children pealing potatoes.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> "Solviken" in Töllsjö was </span><span style="font-size: large;">available in 1944 </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">D</span><span style="font-size: large;">uring the summer </span><span style="font-size: large;">o</span><span style="font-size: large;">f 1944 the students </span><span style="font-size: large;">spent their </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">How best to provide for the hundreds of youngsters of school age and older students in varies stages of completing their education was obviously a top priority. The educational issue was so expeditiously addressed that hardly a day of schooling was lost for most of us. My own experience in continuing my education took place in Gothenburg (“Göteborg” in Swedish) Sweden’s second largest city and will the main focus here.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Our school in Gothenburg accommodated some 200 students at its peak, rivaled in number of students and scope only by the 210 enrolled in the Danish School in Lund. In addition, the city of Helsingborg had some 100 students in its school, which was limited to the lower and middle grades, while Stockholm, Northköping, and Jönköping only serviced the lower grades.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To so quickly establish a well-oiled school system on par with and credentialed as such by the authorities in Denmark in terms of scope, curricula, textbooks, exams and manned by a cadre of qualified Danish teachers was of course quite a daunting challenge. In Gothenburg, as elsewhere in Sweden, committees aiding refugees pursuing educational goals were rapidly established by prominent Danish academics-- professors and educators who themselves were refugees—working jointly with their Swedish colleagues.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">These committees, with the support of the local Swedish school system and the backing of the central Danish refugee organization that had already been established at the behest of the Danish embassy in Stockholm under the leadership of professor dr. jur. S. Hurwitz, himself among the Danish- Jewish refugees, ultimately served as guarantors of the financial side of the establishment of the school. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Though much of the expenditures for running the schools as well as the many boarding facilities for kids separated from their parents, the summer camps, etc. relied on donations from private sources, the main burden ultimately fell on the Danish governmental sources.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. and 2. class at the Danish School Gothenburg. Taken towards the end of year 1943 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">or 1944. </span><span style="font-size: large;">The photo is taken in front of the synagogue</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In a remarkable show of cooperation from all sides, the Danish School in Gothenburg was able to open its doors on Nov. 9, 1943, with Gudrun Henriques as principal, Karl Hyldegaard-Jensen as administrator and Jes Schytt, the local Danish Consul general as patron. The initial student body, numbering some 50, spanned the entire educational spectrum, from the grades (1-5) through middle school (1-4) and “gymnasium” (1-3) leading to matriculation, the coveted red-banded white cap of passing the “Student Exam”, which allowed entry to the university level. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At first the school was far from fully operational due to difficulties in locating suitable classroom facilities; Gothenburg was quite strapped for available facilities. While several Swedish educational and other institutions (such as the Jewish community center which hosted the grade school) made some spaces available, this was a rather makeshift arrangement and entailed splintering the student body into several different locations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It also restricted the school hours, at least for the middle and upper level classes, to the afternoon hours, with classes meeting only 4 days a week. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As many of us were already attending Swedish schools (Hvitfelska Läroverket, in my case), the transition to the Danish school on an afternoon basis—at least for the first few months--allowed us simultaneously to continue Swedish school in the mornings and to continue making friends among Swedish classmates.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Hvitfelska Läroverket - Foto: </span>Göteborgs Stadsmuseum</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Perhaps the key to the success of our Danish school was not just the flexibility shown by the powers that be, but the spirit of being in a common boat, all of us determined to make the best of our refugee stay without losing faith in our ultimate hope of returning home to Denmark. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Though we rarely spoke about our traumatic escape or about a parent who might have had the misfortune of being incarcerated in Theresienstadt, we eagerly followed the progress of the war and spent as much free time together as was possible, seeing memorable movies—such as Casablanca and Scarlet Pimpernel –going to dances and week-end outings, and various festivities at national holidays, special concerts and theater performances arranged by the school or the local refugee club as well as by generous Swedes. We were indeed a close-knit community!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In my own case, the sense of community was furthered by my having I joined the Boy Scouts troop, entitled “Holger Danske” to commemorate the legendary Danish hero of old. The troop—as well as a parallel Girls and Cub scouts groups-- numbered around 40 and was established by our school with the blessings of the official Swedish scout organization.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Our troop was led by one of our much beloved teachers, Holger Michelsen, a resistance fighter from the South of Jutland and it had among its assistant leaders, the charismatic senior student Isi Vogel (Foighel), later to become minister of Taxation and prominent professor of law and a judge in the European Human Rights Court in Strasbourg. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another prominent fellow scout, and life-long friend, was the journalist Herbert Pundik, for many years the chief editor of the Danish daily, Politiken, who among other age-eligible scouts in our troop volunteered for The Danish Brigade in Sweden (i.e. the military group of some 5000 volunteers trained to join the allied forces as they neared the liberation of Denmark in May 1945).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another significant event in our troop’s history was the week long camping meet in rural Gränna (in Småland on Lake Vättern near Jönköping) highlighted by the personal visit by the head of the Swedish scouts himself, Count Folke Bernadotte! An autographed copy of his photo still hangs on my wall as a memento of the exciting days around the fire there.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Front row from left: Birthe Marcus, Margit Blachmann, Henni Lachmann, Helen Arnby, Kirsten Cantor, Eva Garde-Jørgensen, Gitta Kempinsky og Martha Sachs.<br />Middle row from left: Erik Goldberger, Jan Igelsky, Henning Blachmann, Allan Fogel and Even Bukrinsky.<br />Third row from left: Bent Chmelnik, John Gordon, Arne Bodnia, Finn Bentow, Per Popp Hansen, Georg Blachmann (with his arm on Finn Bentow), Dan Sobol and Allan Meyer. The photograph is taken in front of the synagogue in Östra Larmgata</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As for the academic side of our school, the most fantastic thing about it was having all the Danish textbooks, offering a curricular coverage identical to that we would have had at home, and thus ensuring that no time would be lost upon our eventual return. Having the books was largely due to the initiative of a most thoughtful educator in Denmark, Chr. Friis-Sørensen of Elsinore’s “Højere Almenskole” who right after our mass exodus recognized the need for the Danish textbooks for his fellow countrymen on the other side of the Sound. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Through various intermediaries he contacted, the illegal shipments were successfully arranged, for which all of us owe him a deep gratitude! Thanks also must go to the Danish donors, mainly he publishers, the Danish Jewish community’s account, and the ministry of education who covered the cost involved. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As for the teaching staff, growing to some 30 in all plus half a dozen teachers of Swedish. I can readily vouch for the fact that they were an extraordinary, heterogeneous group of dedicated men an women, some with extensive backgrounds in elementary and secondary schools and quite a few drawn from the ranks of university professors. In addition, when needed, several university students were employed as adjunctive staff. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">By and large, with relatively small classes, the atmosphere was uniquely warm and personal, with a sense of one-on-one-ness prevailing. And, again, the fact that we were “all in the same boat” Jew and Gentile alike—no matter what our prior socio-economic and class backgrounds were—added immensely to the general tenor in as well as outside the class room. However, that aside, my own most enduring memory was a particular lesson we had in geometry, conducted by our school’s outside math inspector, Niels Bohr’s younger professor Harald Bohr, a mathematician. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Standing at the blackboard he enthusiastically tried to convey the “obviousness” of the Pythagorean theorem for solving the parallelogram, not arithmetically but “intuitively” by having us simply look at the lines he scribbled on the board. We were all a bit dumbfounded and in frustration he kept saying: “can’t you see it; just look at the board, it shines out at you!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In addition to the teaching staff, numerous others were involved in ensuring a comprehensive school system. Thus we had a couple of physicians aboard, a nurse, ready access to dental care-- as well as the service of a school psychologist! For the substantial number of my fellow students who boarded out, there were also several group homes, one with at least 40 students, and a few smaller pensions…all manned under supervised conditions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the absence of parents, the boarding students were even recipients of a weekly stipend in pocket money! In addition, care was taken to house the few orthodox Jewish kids whose parents did not live in the area and provide them with kosher food, permitting a larger group of observant students to join them at mealtime. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Clearly, the Gothenburg School did as fine and dedicated job as one could wish for under the trying times that prevailed. That this is so is most evident in the report issued upon the school’s final day, June 9th, 1945. In its 67-page, including several photos, the report documents all the details that comprised the schools birth and 20-month’s existence in rich detail.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It cites the names of us all--students, teachers and supporting cast. It provides our birth dates, first and last day of attendance, previous school affiliation and, for those matriculating with a final exam, their grades! Similarly the teachers are listed by their prior jobs, courses taught and specific classes taught, and the text used. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course all significant school events are listed, as are the prizes that were given to the most deserving of us. Mentioned as well are the farewell gift of a book presented to each of us on our last day of school by professor Axel L. Romdahl of “Riksföereningen for Svenskhetens bevarelse i utlandet” [The national organization for the preservation of Swedishness abroad]: Sten Selander’s anthology “Svensk lyric från fem sekel” [Swedish poetry from the 5th century]; the grade-schoolers received Selma Lagerlöfs “Nils Holgerssons underbare resa” [The wonderful adventures of Nils]. Completing the report one will find the financial accounting to the very last penny of all monies spent and received. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In my view, the final report of the school represents an archival gem of Danish cultural ways of treasuring every morsel of history. I was fortunate to receive a copy of the report from one of my younger brother Erik’s 1st-grade teacher, Else Baadsgaard (Brøndsted) who as a young resistance fighter had fled to Sweden and whom I met by chance in 1986 in one of my occasional visits to Odense, where I was a psychological research consultant at the University Hospital and her husband was the university’s principal. She expressed her own fond memories of the time spent in our school—as did I</span>.. </div>
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<span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The Danish School in Gothenburg. <br />All photos are courtesy of the Danish Jewish Museum</i></span><div style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></span></i></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6675182979766631183.post-33453276104787654142016-09-27T13:48:00.002-07:002016-09-27T13:48:54.916-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Antisemitismen i Sverige har längre anor än judarna i landet. Först 1775 fick judar rätt att bosätta sig i Sverige utan att tvingas överge sin religion. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Men redan under medeltiden kunde judar angripas i kyrkomålningar. Det visar att målningarnahade kontinentala förlagor och att antisemitismen tidigt var en importprodukt.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Enhet i religion var något mycket viktigt i det svenska riket, samtidigt som många olika språk mycket väl accepterades. Det var inte bara judar som förbjöds bosätta sig i Sverige. Under stormaktstiden och den så kallade frihetstiden gällde detsamma för katoliker. Något mer positiv var man mot människor med reformert trosåskådning, men det berodde på att den svenska ekonomin hade stort behov av Louis De Geer och hans valloner. De fick utöva sin religion, men de fick inte göra propaganda för den och ingen svensk fick lämna den lutherska trosuppfattningen.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Louis De Geer (17 November 1587 i </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Liège, död 19 juni 1652 i Amsterdam) </i></span><br />
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>var en nederländsk handelsman och </i></span><br />
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>svensk industri.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Enstaka judar kunde dock komma in i landet, bland annat som läkare åt Gustav Vasa och drottning Kristina. Judar som döpte sig till den kristna, lutherska tron var välkomna, och dessa dop kunde firas som stora segrar för kristenheten. Det var alltså inte judarnas ”blod” eller sysselsättningar som vid denna tid utestängde dem från Sverige. Det var just deras religion. Ett viktigt skäl till detta var den kristna uppfattningen att judarnas förfäder bar skuld till Jesu död.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Gustav III var på flera sätt en upplysningsfurste. År 1781 genomdrev han mot prästeståndets vilja den första svenska religionsfrihetslagen. Den gav främmande trosbekännare, bland andra katoliker, rätt att fritt utöva sin religion, men den förbjöd dem att missionera och locka lutheraner att lämna sin trosuppfattning. Tidigt uttalade kungen också sin övertygelse att det skulle vara en stor fördel för Sverige ”om ett så idogt folk som judarna skulle kunna bosätta sig här”. Den förste som fick denna rätt var stämpel- och sigillgravören, tillika gårdfarihandlaren, Aaron Isaac. Han kom med sin familj till Sverige från Tyskland 1774.</span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Aaron Isaac (1730 - 1817) var en judisk</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">sigill</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">gravör och köpman. Han kom från</span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Pommery (Svenska Vorpommern), </span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">en tysktalande området då en del av det </span></i><br />
<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">svenska riket, </span></i><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">under regeringstiden av </span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Gustav III, </span></i><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">och övertalades att komma till </span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sverige </span></i><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> där det fanns ingen sigillgravörer</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">på gång. </span></i><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Han gjorde detta på villkor</span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">att han kunde ta </span></i><i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">med sig minst tio judar, </span></i></span><br />
<i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">för att ha en minyan (kvorum) för bön. </span></i><br />
<i style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Hans modersmål var Jiddisch.</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kungen och den övriga överheten var långt mer toleranta än det svenska folket i stort. När Aaron Isaac hade fått tillstånd att utöva sin tro, vågade han inte visa sig utomhus av rädsla för att bli överfallen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">År 1782 tillkom ett allmänt judereglemente. Judarna skulle kunna bo och äga fastigheter i städerna Stockholm, Göteborg och Norrköping, senare också i Karlskrona. De fick endast gifta sig med varandra, blandäktenskap var förbjudna, och de fick endast syssla med hantverk som inte föll under skråstadgan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Åren 1815 och 1838 är betydelsefulla i den svenska antisemitismens historia. 1815 beskylldes judarna för att ha åstadkommit den rådande lågkonjunkturen. Vidare anklagades de för ”lurendrejeri”, det vill säga smuggling, och de sades också ha drivit upp hyrorna i Stockholm så att det inte gick att hyra någon affärslokal. Till bilden hör att det vid denna tid fanns ungefär 800 judar i Sverige, varav drygt hälften i huvudstaden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">År 1838 avskaffades det särskilda judereglementet och ersattes med ett emancipationsedikt. Många menade dock att judarna i och med detta fick för stora friheter, och myndigheterna vågade inte omedelbart offentliggöra den nya förordningen. Det förekom upplopp i Stockholm mot den judiska befolkningen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Under de närmast följande decennierna fick judarna allt större rättigheter. 1854 fick de tillstånd att bosätta sig i alla svenska städer. 1859 fick judiska barn lov att gå i svenska skolor och 1863 upphävdes förbudet mot äktenskap mellan judar och icke-judar. 1870 fick slutligen judar i huvudsak fullständiga medborgerliga rättigheter. Dock måste man även i fortsättningen tillhöra Svenska kyrkan för att få ingå i den svenska regeringen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Efter 1870 började en ny judisk invandringsvåg. De tidigare judarna hade kommit från Tyskland och hade varit hantverkare. Deras ättlingar fick i många fall intellektuella sysselsättningar – hit hör välkända familjer som Bonnier, Schück, Warburg och Levertin. De kom också att betyda mycket för uppbyggandet av ett modernt svenskt bankväsen. Här gjordes insatser av bland annat firman Michaelsen och Benedicks, Eduard Heckscher, Louis Fraenckel och Theodor Mannheimer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">De nya invandrande judarna kom från Östeuropa. De hade under decennierna vid sekelskiftet drabbats av förföljelser (pogromer) i sina hemländer och drivits i landsflykt. De var fattiga och klyftan var ofta djup i förhållande till de tidigare invandrade judarna. I många fall livnärde de sig på gårdfarihandel, och de bosatte sig gärna nära varandra. En sådan liten svensk shtetl växte fram i Lund i den stadsdel som inte enbart kallats för ”Nöden” utan också ”Judéen”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Liksom de svenska judarna var av olika kategorier, var densvenska antisemitismen det. August Strindberg utvecklade ett mönster vid angreppen på de intellektuella judarna. I romanen Röda rummet förekommer den osympatiske förläggaren Smith, som synes vara en karikatyr av Strindbergs egen förläggare Albert Bonnier. Smiths verksamhet dikteras helt av profitintresse och han är föga intresserad av litteratur.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I <i>Det nya riket</i> gisslar Strindberg bland andra Henrik Schück och Karl Warburg. Den sistnämnde är förebild för ”en ung Moses”, som i stor nationalism talar om hur gemensamma förfäder kämpat under Gustav II Adolfs fanor. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Strindberg angriper svensk nationalism över huvud taget, men särskilt tar han avstånd från svenskjudisk nationalism, då han ser judarna som ett främmande folk, som blir löjligt då de talar om de svenska nationella minnena.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lundaradikalen Bengt Lidforss skrev i Strindbergs anda och angrep särskilt författaren Oscar Levertin för den maktställning denne sades ha i svenskt kulturliv. Mycket ofta framhöll han Levertins judiska börd.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ett mönster i antisemitismen är att judarna sätts i en motsatsställning till ”svenskarna”, och det framgår att man inte tror att judarna någonsin kan bli riktiga svenskar. Detta var ett återkommande tema i skämtpressen som under 1900-talets första decennier var mycket livaktig och som innehöll en stor del av den svenska kulturdebatten. Tidningarna – bland andra Söndags-Nisse, Strix, Naggen, Karbasen, Kasper – hade huvudsakligen en vänsterprägel och hörde i ett par fall till det socialistiska lägret.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I teckningarna och texterna är judarna stereotypt skildrade. De har stor näsa – en ”judesexa” – mörkt krulligt hår och stora fötter – ”ett arv från ökenvandringen”, menade man. Ofta visar de handflatorna i gesten ”vad vet jag?”, ”jag kan inte hjälpa det”. De talar svenska med stark brytning, och framför allt är de oerhört besatta av pengar. Den antikapitalistiska pressen skildrade kapitalisterna som judar och judarna som kapitalister. Antikapitalismen blev på detta sätt klart antisemitiskt färgad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Det svåra försörjningsläget i slutet av första världskriget ledde till förstärkta angrepp mot ”mellanhänder” och ”gulaschbaroner”. Även dessa tecknades ofta som judar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Judestereotyperna kompletterades med angrepp mot enskilda judar som nått framstående positioner i det svenska samhället. Här fanns Josef Sachs, Nordiska Kompaniets grundare och ägare, Isaak Hirsch, storbyggmästare och filantrop, samt konstnären Isaac Grünewald. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I det sistnämnda fallet kunde angreppen mot det judiska och viljan att tjäna pengar kombineras med angrepp mot den moderna konsten, som tecknades ofördelaktigt i jämförelse med den inhemska, något äldre konsten av sådana namn som Zorn, Larsson och Liljefors. Ett för oss idag oväntat och märkligt antisemitiskt hatobjekt var Sven Hedin, men upptäcktsresanden framhöll faktiskt själv att han var 1/16 jude, och när skämtpressen angrep hans tysksvärmeri och aktivism fick han mycket judiska drag.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I Sveriges riksdag diskuterades inte de judar som nått positioner i det svenska samhället. Där gällde debatten i stället vågen av östeuropeiska judar. Göteborgsköpmannen P. E. Lithander kom 1886 in i riksdagen och han hade som sitt huvudmål att kämpa mot den handel som bedrevs av ”så kallade polska judar och andra schackrare”, och han framhöll att han bakom sig hade ”hela Sveriges minuthandelscorps”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">År 1907 nådde Lithander framgång. I en motion talade han om ”faran för blodförskämning”, och han framhöll att den högsta samhällsuppgift som samtiden hade var att ”förhindra att folkmaterialet degenereras och rasen försämras genom uppblandning av sämre folkelement”. Därför behövdes en invandringslag. Lithander fick stöd av bland andra Rudolf Kjellén, ledande statsvetare och konservativ ideolog, som menade att Sverige behövde skydd mot dem som lämnade ”underpanter av ett mera smutsigt blod, som stannar kvar efter dem inom vår ariska folkstam”. Kjellén underströk att Sverige inte fick vara ”en mänsklighetens asyl”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Socialdemokraterna med Hjalmar Branting i spetsen yrkade först avslag på Lithanders motion med hänvisning till ”den gammaldags antisemitiska andan” som fanns där. Men senare accepterade de kravet på en utredning som skulle syfta till en invandringslag. 1913 kom en utlämningslag till stånd och följande år också en utvisningslag. Medan utredningsarbetet pågick inkom det nybildade Sveriges minuthandlares riksförbund med en utpräglat antisemitisk skrivelse till regeringen. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Minuthandlarna framhöll att judarna bildade ”en samlad makt, en stat i staten, vars intressen icke sammanfalla med den övriga befolkningens”. Det låg en plan bakom judarnas arbete: först erövra penningen, sedan pressen och slutligen hela världen, menade organisationen. Om inga försiktighetsmått vidtogs skulle minuthandeln inom en mansålder komma att ligga i judiska händer. Därför begärde man dels en invandringslag, dels återförvisning av alla ryska och polska judar som vistades i landet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">En generell utlänningslag fick Sverige först år 1927. En person som drev på denna lagstiftning var byråchefen Otto Järte vid Socialstyrelsen. Han var ansvarig för frågor om utländsk arbetskraft och hade en intressant partipolitisk bakgrund. Han hade varit socialdemokrat men uteslutits ur partiet därför att han tillsammans med några andra pläderat för en svensk uppslutning på tysk sida i världskriget. I stället blev han en av högerns ledande politiker och ideologer och aktiv skribent i Svenska Dagbladet. Han framhöll att viseringstvång gav skydd mot rasblandning. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">”Från Östeuropas ghetton skulle det eljest ha strömmat in så många element av mindre önskvärd beskaffenhet att det även ur rasbiologisk synpunkt skulle ha varit synnerligen riskabelt att öppna dörrarna för en dylik invasion.” Inom den diplomatiska världen hade Järte starkt stöd från Torsten Undén, Sveriges representant i Riga och Östens storebror. Det som Torsten Undén i första hand såg som hotfullt var en stor judisk invasion, och han trodde att Sverige skulle få ta emot 160 000 östjudar bara från Lettland, om viseringstvånget slopades.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Givetvis fanns det vid sidan av dagsaktuell antisemitism också sådana känslor med månghundraåriga traditioner. Ett litet vardagsexempel ger Per Wästberg i boken Det judiska Stockholm. När Axel Hirsch och Hugo Geber började i Beskowska skolan 1888, förmanade lärarinnan klassen: ”I morgon kommer vi att få två nya kamrater. Det är ett par små judegossar. Nu ber jag er att försöka vara snälla mot dem och försöka glömma att deras förfäder korsfäste vår Frälsare.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Vissa uttryck för antisemitism som ovan citerats är förvisso grova, men det fanns värre exempel i den politiska undervegetationen. Elof Eriksson, som försökte vara ideolog för den politiska bonderörelse som startade vid tiden för första världskriget, var extrem antisemit. Även i Samfundet Manhem, som bildades 1934 och hade C. E. Carlberg som ledare och finansiär, var antisemitismen en mycket viktig beståndsdel. Nazisternas maktövertagande i Tyskland 1933 syntes för en del vara en klarsignal att nu kunde antisemitism vara rumsren även i Sverige.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">När pedagogen David Katz med tyskjudiskt ursprung 1937 skulle installeras som professor i Stockholm, delade Lindholmsnazister ut flygblad mot bland andra ecklesiastikministern, regeringen och Stockholms högskola.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I februari 1939 – alltså efter Kristallnatten – protesterade sex organisationer, bland dem Speceri- och viktualiehandelns expeditförening samt Svenska småföretagares riksförbund, mot att flyktingar kom till Sverige. De pekade på ”nödvändigheten av att i största möjliga utsträckning begränsa tillströmningen av främmande undersåtar, i synnerhet judar, till vårt land”. Det framhölls i skrivelsen att judarna ofta använde ”metoder i sin handel och vandel som endast kunna verka neddragande på den svenska affärsmoralen och förstöra svensk medborgaranda i allmänhet”. Skrivelsen underströk ”det ur raspolitisk synpunkt fördärvbringande att på dylikt sätt uppblanda den nordiska folkstammen”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ungefär samtidigt hände det för första och hittills enda gången att en riksdagsledamot karakteriserade sig själv som antisemit. Det var bondeförbundaren Otto Wallén, som berättade att han under tio år studerat förhållandena i Centraleuropa, och han visste att ”den asiatiska folkstammen” inte passade ”i sällskap med vår hyggliga svenska folkstam”. Anledningen till debatten i riksdagen var att regeringen föreslagit ett anslag på 500 000 kronor till flyktingars uppehälle och yrkesutbildning. Dittills hade flyktingar enbart fått hjälp från privat håll för att klara sitt uppehälle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Vid samma tid sade landets största studentkårer med stora majoriteter nej till att Sverige skulle ta emot tio tyskjudiska läkare. Man hänvisade till arbetssituationen för nyutexaminerade svenska läkare, men en av de främsta tillskyndarna till uppsalabeslutet, Arvid Fredborg, menade också att ”Sveriges relativa rasliga homogenitet var ett värde att bevara”. I Lund lade man till meningen: ”I anslutning härtill vilja vi emellertid framhålla, att en invandring, som medför, att främmande element upptagas i vårt folk framstår för oss som skadlig och för framtiden oförsvarbar.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Antisemitism kunde märkas på alla nivåer i samhället. Torsten Undén, nu minister vid beskickningen i Budapest, menade att de antijudiska lagar som införts i Ungern 1938 bar judarna själva skulden till. De hindrade de kristna att avancera då de hade makten inom industri, handel och på finansområdet. Folke Malmar, minister i Prag, ansåg i början av 1939, alltså då Tyskland tagit Sudetområdet, att Sverige inte kunde ta emot några judar, därför att de under 2 000 år aldrig tillåtit sig att bli assimilerade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Successivt blev det klart för den svenska opinionen vad som höll på att ske ute i Europa. Svenskarna blev oerhört upprörda vid adventstid 1942, då fartyget Donau gick utanför den svenska kusten med 750 norska judar ombord på väg till koncentrationsläger och död. Ett knappt år senare deklarerade den svenska regeringen att alla danska judar var välkomna till Sverige, och flertalet lyckades också ta sig över Öresund. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Raoul Wallenbergs och hela den svenska legationens insatser år 1944 i Budapest till förmån för de ungerska judarna tillhör andra världskrigets ljuspunkter. Folke Bernadotte med ”de vita bussarna” skulle i världskrigets slutskede i första hand rädda skandinaver i de tyska lägren. Men under arbetets gång utvidgades uppgiften och många också från andra länder räddades. Drygt 6 000 av de räddade har bedömts vara judar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Man skulle kunna tro att nazismen och andra världskriget för alltid skulle ha omöjliggjort antisemitism också i salongsform. Staten Israel kunde bildas 1948. Många greps av beundran för människorna i den nya staten. Men vissa skildringar är präglade av gammal antisemitism. Jonatan Ollén, ledarskribent i den frikyrkliga dagstidningen Svenska Morgonbladet, skrev 1954 Israel på farliga vägar. Där skildrar han judarna som förblindade, kärlekslösa, fanatiska och besatta av ett outsinligt Kristushat. De fortsätter enligt Ollén ”att vända Gud ryggen”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Under år 1960 gick det en våg av antisemitism över Europa, och även i Sverige tecknades på många håll hakkors och judefientliga paroller. En ny situation uppstod efter sexdagarskriget 1967 då det blev uppenbart att Israel var den militärt starkaste makten i området. Den kritik som därefter riktades mot Israel, inte minst från vänsterhåll, hämtade dock ofta inspiration från tidigare decenniers antijudiska föreställningsvärld. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I tidskriften Puss fanns till exempel 1973 en teckning föreställande den amerikanske utrikesministern Henry Kissinger, utförd i enlighet med antisemitisk tidskriftstradition från början av seklet. Uppsalateologerna Sigbert Axelson och Carl-Henric Grenholm i Broderskapsrörelsen använde sig av antisemitiskt präglade argument med ”kristen” bakgrund i sin kamp mot staten Israel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Och antisemitismen frodas än i dag. Vi minns 1980-talets debatt om Förintelsen, föranledd främst av den franske litteraturvetaren Robert Faurisson som hävdade att Hitlers gaskamrar aldrig hade existerat. Omkring 1990 anklagade Radio Islam i sina sändningar judar för att vara sexualförbrytare och ritualmördare.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Med tanke på detta är det glädjande att forskningen om svensk antisemitism i höst tillförs nytt spännande material. Under de närmaste månaderna planeras nämligen tre disputationer i ämnet. Historikern Lars M Andersson i Lund kommer med en avhandling om konstruktionen av ”juden” i svensk skämtpress 1900–1930. I Lund disputerar även idéhistorikern Henrik Bachner på en avhandling om den svenska antisemitismen efter andra världskriget. Och i Umeå ser idéhistorikern Lena Berggren på antisemitismen under mellankrigstiden.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Takk til forfatter Sverker Oredsson, som är professor emeritus, Historiska Institutionen Lund universitet. Han har bland annat skrivit om antisemitism i boken Lunds universitet under andra världskriget.</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Publicerad i Popular Historia 6/1 1999</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Published by <a href="http://www.scandinavianjewishforum.com/" target="_blank">Scandinavian Jewish Forum</a></span><br />
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